Determining chemical morphology and valence states of elements on catalyst surfaces.

Drying synthesized samples at 80°C for 24 hours to obtain solid catalysts.

Ultrasonication of g-C3N4 in distilled water for dispersion and preparation of composite catalysts.

Providing visible light irradiation for photocatalytic degradation experiments, with a filter wavelength of 410 nm.

Measuring absorbance of samples to determine tetracycline concentration during degradation.

Recording morphology and microstructure of composites.

MERLIN Series

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Analyzing concentration of catalyst during experiments.

Determining specific surface area of catalysts.

Stirring solutions during synthesis and degradation experiments to ensure homogeneous reaction.

Filtering solutions after synthesis to separate solids from liquids.

Analyzing degradation intermediates of tetracycline to propose degradation pathways.