1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study focused on the effects of different concentrations of perovskite ink on the morphology, optical properties, and photovoltaic performance of PSCs with active areas from 0.1 to 1 cm2. The methodology included spin-coating for deposition of perovskite thin films and characterization techniques such as XRD, FESEM, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and J-V measurements.

2：1 to 1 cmThe methodology included spin-coating for deposition of perovskite thin films and characterization techniques such as XRD, FESEM, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and J-V measurements. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Perovskite precursor solutions (30 wt%, 35 wt%, and 40 wt%) were prepared and used to fabricate PSCs with active areas of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 cm

3：1, 25, 5, and 1 cmList of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

2. 3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: FTO-coated glass, titanium isopropoxide, Dyesol paste (18 NR-T), methylammonium iodide (MAI), lead chloride (PbCl2), dimethylformamide (DMF), spiro-MeOTAD, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, 4-tert-butylpyridine, chlorobenzene, gold, and silver electrodes.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The process included substrate cleaning, deposition of compact and mesoporous TiO2 layers, spin-coating of perovskite inks, deposition of hole-transporting material, and electrode deposition. The photovoltaic performance was measured under AM 1.5G illumination.

5：5G illumination. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: The analysis involved comparing the morphology, optical absorption, and photovoltaic parameters (Jsc, Voc, FF, PCE) of PSCs fabricated with different perovskite ink concentrations and active areas.