1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The experiment utilized the pico2000 beamline of the LULI2000 laser at LULI-école Polytechnique to accelerate protons through the Target-Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. A magnetic dipole was used to energetically disperse the protons, which were then directed onto biological samples.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Human umbilical endothelial vein cells (HUVEC) and human fibroblast cells (AGO1522) were used for various biological assays.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

The setup included a 1 T 10 cm magnetic dipole, 800 μm pinhole, 50 μm Kapton window, Gafchromic EBT3 films, and Columbia Resin #39 (CR-39).

4：9). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The dose delivered to cells was measured using passive dose-rate independent dosimeters (CR-39 and Radiochromic Film). The energy spectrum of the proton beam was measured using RCF stacks.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The optical density of the RCF’s active layer was converted to dose using a previously determined dose calibration. Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 were employed to model the experimental setup and predict the energy dispersion on the cell plane.