研究目的
Investigating the effect of the degree of graphitization of activated carbon on the structure and fluorescence properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) synthesized by chemical oxidation.
研究成果
The degree of graphitization of activated carbon significantly affects the microstructure and fluorescence properties of CQDs. Higher graphitization degrees lead to CQDs with more ordered carbon structures and reduced fluorescence self-absorption quenching. The CQDs are non-toxic and suitable for bioimaging applications.
研究不足
The study is limited by the oxidation ability of the HNO3/HClO4 solution and the difficulty in oxidizing highly graphitized char. The fluorescence quantum yield of the CQDs, while improved, does not exceed that of petroleum coke and graphene quantum dots.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
CQDs were synthesized via chemical oxidation of graphitized activated carbon using HNO3/HClO4 as the oxidant. The effect of graphitization degree on CQDs' properties was studied.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Commercial coconut shell activated carbon was used as the precursor. Samples were heat-treated at various temperatures (1500–2500 °C) to achieve different degrees of graphitization.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Graphitization furnace, microwave radiation heating setup, ultra-filtration device, dialysis equipment, and various analytical instruments for characterization.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Activated carbon was heat-treated, oxidized with HNO3/HClO4 under microwave heating, neutralized, and purified to obtain CQDs. The CQDs were then characterized for their microstructure, surface chemistry, and optical properties.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
XRD, Raman spectroscopy, HRTEM, FTIR, XPS, solid-state 13C NMR, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity assays were used for analysis.
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Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer
Ultima IV
Rigaku
Used for X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the CQDs and activated carbon precursors.
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Agilent 600 DD2 spectrometer
600 DD2
Agilent
Used for solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of the CQDs.
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Shimadzu AXIS UltraDLD X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
AXIS UltraDLD
Shimadzu
Used for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the CQDs.
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Shimadzu UV-2450 UV-vis spectrophotometer
UV-2450
Shimadzu
Used for UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy of the CQDs.
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MULTISKAN MK3 microplate reader
MK3
Thermo Scientific
Used for measuring the optical density (OD) in cytotoxicity testing.
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JEM-2100UHR electron microscope
JEM-2100UHR
JEOL
Used for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to observe the morphology and structure of CQDs.
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graphitization furnace
Zhuzhou Guangjichang Technology Company
Used for heat treatment of activated carbon to achieve different degrees of graphitization.
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Elementar Vario EL Cube elemental analyzer
Vario EL Cube
Elementar
Used for elemental analysis of the CQDs.
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NICOLET 360 infrared spectrometer
NICOLET 360
Thermo Nicolet Corporation
Used for recording Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the CQDs.
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PE LS55 fluorescence spectrophotometer
LS55
PE Corporation
Used for fluorescence spectroscopy of the CQDs.
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FM-4P-TCSPC fluorescence spectrofluorometer
FM-4P-TCSPC
Horiba Jobin Yvon
Used for time-resolved fluorescence intensity decay measurements of the CQDs.
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Nikon Ti-E-A1R laser scanning confocal microscope
Ti-E-A1R
Nikon
Used for cell imaging to observe the bioimaging application of CQDs.
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