1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved the synthesis of silica-coated NaYF4:Yb3+Er3+ nanoparticles (UCNPs) and their incorporation into PSCs using a dry transfer method to avoid damaging the perovskite film. The effect of UCNP location within the PSC structure on photovoltaic performance was investigated.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

UCNPs were synthesized and characterized using TEM and XRD. PSCs were fabricated with UCNPs located at different positions within the cell structure.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Materials included Yttrium(III) chloride hexahydrate, ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate, erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate, oleic acid, 1-octadecene, ammonium fluoride, sodium hydroxide, and others. Equipment included a transmission electron microscope (TEM, Tecnai 12, FEI, USA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) system (D8 discover, Bruker, MA., USA), and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, JEOL 2020F).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

UCNPs were synthesized, coated with silica, and transferred onto the PSC structure using a dry transfer method. The PSCs were then fabricated with UCNPs at different locations, and their photovoltaic performances were measured.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The photovoltaic performances of the PSCs were analyzed based on current density versus voltage (J–V) characteristics under AM 1.5G illumination. Up-conversion emission spectra were recorded using a spectrometer equipped with a charge-coupled device camera.