1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved the fabrication of PSCs with a structure of FTO/c-TiO2/TEPA (ymol%)-MAPbI3-xClx/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au, where y represents the TEPA ratio. The perovskite precursor solution was prepared with varying ratios of TEPA in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and a 3:1 ratio of PbCl2 and MAI to make a 40wt% solution. The solution was heated at 60°C for 12 hours.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

FTO-coated glass substrates were cleaned and treated with oxygen plasma before deposition of c-TiO2 via chemical bath deposition.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included a Keithley 2400 source, AM

4：5G solar simulator, FEI Quanta 250 SEM, D/MAX 2400 diffractometer, FLS980 spectrometer, Pico Quant Fluo Quant 300, CHI660D electrochemical workstation, and QTest Station 2000ADI system. Materials included TiCl4, TEPA, PbCl2 from Sigma-Aldrich, and MAI and spiro-OMeTAD from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Group. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on TiO2 films, annealed, and then Spiro-OMETAD HTM was spin-coated on the perovskite films. Gold cathode was deposited via thermal evaporation.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

J-V curves, SEM, XRD, PL spectra, TPRL spectra, impedance spectroscopy, and EQE spectra were analyzed to evaluate the performance and characteristics of the PSCs.