1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a Gaussian mode ultraviolet nanosecond laser source to fabricate MGT on TA2 surfaces. The effect of laser intensity, scanning interval, and scanning speed on the morphology of laser-irradiated surfaces was investigated.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2.0-mm-thick, 10 mm × 10 mm sheets of TA2 were used. Prior to laser processing, the samples were mechanically ground and cleaned.

3：0-mm-thick, 10 mm × 10 mm sheets of TA2 were used. Prior to laser processing, the samples were mechanically ground and cleaned. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: A home-built laser machining system with a Gaussian mode ultraviolet nanosecond laser source (wavelength of 355 nm, pulse width τ = 10 ns, and a pulse repetition rate adjustable from 10 to 100 kHz) was used. The laser beam was focused at the sample surface to a diameter of about 20 μm.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The laser beam was manipulated in the XOY plane by using a computer-controlled galvanometer scanner system. The sample was mounted on a motorized four-axis motion stage. The effect of Ia, h, and v on the morphology of laser-irradiated surface was investigated.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology and for analyzing the chemical composition by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The arithmetic mean Ra of the surface roughness was measured, and the static contact angle of water on the substrate surface was determined by using the sessile droplet method.