研究目的
Investigating the effects of annealing temperature on photovoltaic properties of lead-free (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 solar cells.
研究成果
The photovoltaic performance of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 cells was improved by annealing, with the highest conversion efficiency of 0.061% obtained by annealing at 130 °C. Microstructural analysis showed that the lattice constants, crystallite size, surface morphology, and I/Bi ratio varied according to the annealing temperature, affecting the photovoltaic performance.
研究不足
The conversion efficiency of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 solar cells was low compared to previous reports. Possible reasons include the I/Bi ratio of the photoactive layers and poor surface morphology.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 photovoltaic cells were fabricated by a hot air blow-assisted spin-coating method. The spin-coated (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 photoactive layers were annealed at temperatures of 100–150 °C.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
F-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates were used.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Spin-coater (Mikasa, MS-A100), hot-plate (As One, CHP-170DF), electric furnace (Yamato Scientific, FO100), surface profiler (Kosaka Laboratory Ltd., ET4000), vacuum evaporation system (Ulvac, VPC-061), programable source meter (Keithley 2400), AM
4：5G simulated solar light (Yamashita Denso, YCSS-50), IPCE measurement system (Bunkoukeiki, SM-25), X-ray diffractometer (Horiba, Miniflex), scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDS detector (Jeol, JSM-6010LA), UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer (Ocean Optics, Flame). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 precursor solution was spin-coated on the mesoporous TiO2, followed by annealing at different temperatures.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Current density–voltage (J–V) measurement under light illumination and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) were used to analyze photovoltaic properties. Microstructures and optical properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, and UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy.
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Scanning electron microscope
JSM-6010LA
Jeol
Used for characterizing microstructures of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 photoactive layers.
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UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer
Flame
Ocean Optics
Used for collecting optical absorption spectra of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 layers.
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Programable source meter
2400
Keithley
Used for measuring current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 photovoltaic cells.
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Spin-coater
MS-A100
Mikasa
Used for spin-coating the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 precursor solution on the mesoporous TiO2.
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Hot-plate
CHP-170DF
As One
Used for heating the spin-coated layers.
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Electric furnace
FO100
Yamato Scientific
Used for annealing the TiO2 electron transport layer and the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 photoactive layers.
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Surface profiler
ET4000
Kosaka Laboratory Ltd.
Used for measuring the thickness of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 layers.
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Vacuum evaporation system
VPC-061
Ulvac
Used for depositing gold (Au) electrodes on top of the photovoltaic devices.
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AM 1.5G simulated solar light
YCSS-50
Yamashita Denso
Used for simulating solar light during the J–V measurement.
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IPCE measurement system
SM-25
Bunkoukeiki
Used for recording IPCE spectra of the cells.
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X-ray diffractometer
Miniflex
Horiba
Used for characterizing microstructures of the (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 photoactive layers.
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