研究目的
To provide an overview of different biasing effects which can occur in different types of ferroic materials, with particular focus on the phenomenology and on the underlying microscopic mechanisms of the anomalies observed in hysteresis loops.
研究成果
Biasing effects in different ferroic systems show a highly complex phenomenology which depends on several variables whose significance and contribution vary from case to case. The understanding of these biasing effects and the study of their possible advantages/disadvantages for specific applications, with the relative elaboration of strategies to induce/avoid them, is of crucial importance to maximizing the performance of functional devices based on ferroic systems.
研究不足
The chapter discusses the technical and application constraints of the experiments, as well as potential areas for optimization, but does not explicitly list limitations.
The chapter is organized in three main parts. The first part describes the distortions of P-E and S-E hysteresis loops in ferroelectric/ferroelastic materials. The two main phenomena, which cause biased hysteresis loops, namely aging and fatigue, are comprehensively reviewed by describing the most important features in bulk systems and the inherent microscopic mechanisms. Attention is also given to imprint phenomena in thin films, with description of the most important models developed to explain the shifting of the polarization hysteresis loops. The second part is focused on biasing effects in ferroelectric/ferroelastic materials under mechanical stress, with detailed description of the influence of composition, poling state and temperature on the stress-strain curves of perovskite systems. Additionally, biased stress-strain loops in shape memory alloys are also briefly reviewed, highlighting the different mechanical behavior of the martensite and austenite phases. This section is concluded with a summary on Bauschinger effect observed in ferroelastic materials during cyclic mechanical loading. The third and last part describes the biasing processes occurring in ferromagnetic materials, with the main focus on the asymmetric M-H loops caused by the exchange bias effect, and by the coexistence of different magnetic phases in inhomogeneous magnetic systems.
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