1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study introduces a single step method to activate ceramic nanoparticles surface for electroless nickel coating, comparing it with conventional double step pre-treatments. X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction patterns, and transmission electron microscopy images are used for analysis.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Commercially available YSZ nanopowder with an average particle size of 50 nm and specific surface area larger than 17 m2/g was used as raw material.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

PdCl2, HCl, NaH2PO2.H2O, NiSO4.6H2O, C6H5Na3O7.2H2O, N2H4, NaOH, HNO3, and Aqua regia solution were used. Equipment includes atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).

4：H2O, NiSO6H2O, C6H5Na3O2H2O, N2H4, NaOH, HNO3, and Aqua regia solution were used. Equipment includes atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Activation of nanopowders was carried out in two single step methods, followed by electroless nickel deposition. Characterization was performed using AAS, DLS, XRD, TEM, STA, and VSM.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The amount of palladium and nickel on the surface of processed particles was analyzed by AAS. XRD and TEM were used to confirm the presence of pure nickel on YSZ nanoparticles. STA was used to study thermal stability, and VSM was used to examine magnetic properties.