摘要： Solar energy is an abundant renewable energy source that is available all around the world every day. each hour, the solar rays that reach our earth (if properly converted to electricity and other forms of energy) represent more than the total energy consumption of the entire human race over the course of one year. wind energy is another important renewable resource available in large amounts every day. these two renewable energy sources are attracting significant investment as countries seek technology cost reductions to aid sustainability. improvements in the conversion and use of larger fractions of solar and wind energy would help in terms of supply security and satisfying societal energy needs for decades and even centuries to come without adding high levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the environment. therefore, in several energy markets (such as in brazil, norway, germany, england, and australia), governments and regulators are emphasizing the need to increase the deployment of solar and wind energy sources as well as other measures to enhance monitoring, pricing, and control mechanisms in modern power grids.