1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A conventional mixed oxide-reaction method was utilized for the preparation of (1–x)Bi

2：05FeO3–xBaTiO3 ceramics. Two heat treatment processes were performed:

furnace cooling (FC) and quenching (Q) from 1000 °C to room temperature in air.

3：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Commercially available reagent powders of Bi2O3, Fe2O3, BaCO3, and TiO2 were used.

4：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

X-ray diffractometry (XRD, Rigaku, MiniFlex II), scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JP/JSM 5200, Japan), impedance analysis unit (Agilent HP4292A, USA), Berlincourt (ZJ–6B, IACAS) d33 meter, precision material analyzer (Radiant Technologies, Inc. Albuquerque, NM), contact type displacement sensor (Millitron, Model 140).

5：0). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The weighed ceramic powders were milled, dried, calcined, pressed into pellets, sintered, and then subjected to heat treatment. Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties were characterized.

6：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD patterns were analyzed for structural phase relation, SEM for microstructure, dielectric constant and loss were calculated, piezoelectric constant was measured, and polarization hysteresis loops and electric field-induced strain were analyzed.