1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used fluorescence spectroscopy to measure autofluorescence in urine samples from different patient groups (healthy, benign ovarian tumor, malignant ovarian cancer) to detect spectral differences. Synchronous spectra with Δλ 30 nm were measured using a luminescence spectrophotometer.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Urine samples were collected from 36 healthy women (age 22-65), 16 patients with benign ovarian tumors (age 27-86), and 21 patients with malignant ovarian cancer (age 33-84), including 3 borderline tumors. Samples were morning urine from fasting subjects, frozen at -18°C until analysis.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Luminescence Spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer LS 55 (USA), 10 mm quartz cuvette, centrifuge for sample preparation.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Thawed urine samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. Autofluorescence of undiluted urine was measured at room temperature in the range 250-545 nm with step 0.5 nm, excitation/emission slits 5/5 nm, and scan speed of 1200 nm/min. Both original and normalized spectra were used for comparison.

5：5 nm, excitation/emission slits 5/5 nm, and scan speed of 1200 nm/min. Both original and normalized spectra were used for comparison. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Statistical significance was calculated using Student's T-test to compare fluorescence intensities between groups at specific wavelengths.