1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A co-precipitation method was used to prepare BiVO4 particles, followed by hydrogenation under high temperature and high pressure to introduce surface oxygen vacancies. Various characterization techniques (XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, EPR, UV-vis DRS, PL) and photocatalytic/photoelectrochemical measurements were employed to analyze the effects.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

BiVO4 particles were synthesized from Bi(NO3)3·5H2O and NH4VO3 precursors. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) solution was used as the pollutant for degradation tests.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes a Bruker D2 X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Hitachi SU8010 SEM, JEOL JEM-2100 TEM, PHI 5000 Versa Probe XPS spectrometer, Shimadzu UV-3600 UV-vis spectrophotometer, Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer, Bruker EPR A300 spectrometer, 300 W Xe lamp with optical filter, UV-visible spectrophotometer (model 722), CHI660E electrochemical station. Materials include Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, NH4VO3, urea, HNO3, hydrogen gas, TCH, BaSO4 reference, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glass, saturated calomel electrode (SCE), platinum wire, Na2SO4 electrolyte.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

BVO synthesis involved dissolving Bi(NO3)3·5H2O in HNO3, adding NH4VO3 and urea, heating at 80°C for 24h, centrifuging, washing, drying, and calcining at 350°C for 1h. Hydrogenation was done in a stainless steel reactor at 200°C and 20 Bar H2 pressure for 4h. Photocatalytic tests involved adding catalyst to TCH solution, stirring in dark for 0.5h, irradiating with visible light, sampling at intervals, filtering, and measuring absorbance at 356 nm. Photoelectrochemical measurements used a three-electrode system with FTO-based electrodes.

5：1h. Hydrogenation was done in a stainless steel reactor at 200°C and 20 Bar H2 pressure for 4h. Photocatalytic tests involved adding catalyst to TCH solution, stirring in dark for 5h, irradiating with visible light, sampling at intervals, filtering, and measuring absorbance at 356 nm. Photoelectrochemical measurements used a three-electrode system with FTO-based electrodes. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: XRD for crystal structure, SEM/TEM for morphology, XPS/EPR for chemical states and defects, UV-vis DRS for optical properties with Tauc plots for band gap, PL for recombination, photocurrent/EIS/Mott-Schottky for charge separation, and pseudo-first-order kinetics for degradation rates.