研究目的
To study the potential sulfurization of KF-treated CIGSe during the chemical bath deposition of the CdS buffer layer and investigate buried interfaces between KF-PDT CIGSe under Se or S atmosphere and CdS.
研究成果
KF-PDT under sulfur atmosphere enhances CIGSe sulfurization, with sulfur content six times higher than without KF. This occurs during the KF treatment, not during CdS deposition. No sulfurization is detected when KF-PDT is under selenium atmosphere. Potassium acts as a catalyst for sulfurization, and the chalcogen atmosphere is a key parameter. These findings are crucial for optimizing CIGSe-based solar cell interfaces.
研究不足
The study is limited to specific treatment conditions (e.g., 350°C, high vacuum) and may not generalize to other atmospheres or temperatures. The depth sensitivity of techniques (e.g., ~7 nm for XPS) restricts analysis to near-surface regions. Proof of non-chalcopyrite phase formation (e.g., K-In-S) requires further investigation.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study uses X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate sulfurization and chemical environments at interfaces. XES is non-destructive and depth-sensitive, while XPS provides surface composition analysis.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Samples include SLG/Mo/CIGSe and SLG/Mo/CIGSe/CdS structures. CIGSe absorbers were co-evaporated using a 3-stage process. Different treatments were applied: untreated, sulfur vapor exposure, KF-PDT under S atmosphere, and KF-PDT under Se atmosphere.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment includes an AXIS Ultra spectrometer with Al Kα source for XPS, a home-made IRIS apparatus with InSb monochromator for XES, and co-evaporation chambers. Materials include KF (99.99%), sulfur, selenium, thiourea, cadmium acetate, ammonia for CBD CdS deposition.
4：99%), sulfur, selenium, thiourea, cadmium acetate, ammonia for CBD CdS deposition.
Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: For surface treatments, absorbers were exposed to S vapor or KF evaporation at 350°C under vacuum. CdS buffer layers were deposited via chemical bath deposition at 60°C for reduced times to emphasize S signal. XPS and XES measurements were conducted with specific energy settings and data analysis using CASA-XPS software and normalization procedures.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
XPS data analyzed with CASA-XPS, using core level peaks and relative sensitive factors. XES spectra normalized and compared to reference samples (CuInS2 and thick CdS) to identify chemical environments.
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