1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

Laser impact welding (LIW) was used as a solid-state process to join molybdenum and copper. The method involves using a pulsed laser to generate plasma that accelerates a flyer plate to impact the base plate, forming a weld without melting.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Pure molybdenum (0.1 mm thick) and pure copper (0.03 mm thick) foils were used. Copper foils were annealed at 720 K for 2 hours. Samples were cut to sizes of 20 mm x 20 mm for base plates and 20 mm x 5 mm for flyer plates, polished, and cleaned with alcohol.

3：1 mm thick) and pure copper (03 mm thick) foils were used. Copper foils were annealed at 720 K for 2 hours. Samples were cut to sizes of 20 mm x 20 mm for base plates and 20 mm x 5 mm for flyer plates, polished, and cleaned with alcohol. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment includes a short pulse Nd:YAG laser (Spotlight 2000), optical microscope (KEYENCE VHX-1000C), scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, EDAX), tensile shear testing machine (Instron Type UTM 4104), and nanoindenter (NanoIndenter CSM). Materials include molybdenum and copper foils, black paint (ablative layer), K9 glass (confinement layer), cyanoacrylate adhesive (Loctite 380), and epoxy resin for sample preparation.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The LIW setup involved placing the base plate on a support, adjusting standoff distance, applying ablative and confinement layers, and using a laser with energies of 565, 835, 1200, and 1550 mJ at a spot diameter of 1.5 mm. After welding, samples were cleaned, cut, and prepared using cold inlay technology for microscopy and testing. Microstructure was observed with optical microscope and SEM, elemental diffusion with EDS, tensile shear tests at 1 mm/min speed, and nanoindentation hardness measurements with a Berkovich indenter.

5：5 mm. After welding, samples were cleaned, cut, and prepared using cold inlay technology for microscopy and testing. Microstructure was observed with optical microscope and SEM, elemental diffusion with EDS, tensile shear tests at 1 mm/min speed, and nanoindentation hardness measurements with a Berkovich indenter. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Data from microscopy and EDS were analyzed qualitatively for interface morphology and elemental distribution. Tensile shear test data were plotted as force-time curves, and nanoindentation hardness values were averaged from multiple measurements.