研究目的
To formulate a robust digital image watermarking algorithm resistant to multipath spatial shifts by combining CDMA-based spread spectrum with OFDM technology.
研究成果
The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient, robust against various noises and distortions, and particularly effective in resisting multipath spatial shifts, making it suitable for applications like telemedicine and wireless transmission.
研究不足
The paper does not explicitly mention limitations, but potential areas for optimization could include handling more complex attacks or improving computational efficiency further.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The algorithm involves dividing the cover image into 8x8 blocks, applying Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to each block, embedding the watermark using CDMA-based spread spectrum with orthogonal codes, and decoding using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and correlation techniques.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Two different cover images and three different watermarks were used for analysis, as specified in the paper.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
A computer system (HP Laptop EliteBook 8470p with Windows 7, 8 GB RAM, Intel i5 core CPU at
4：8 GHz) was used for simulations. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The embedding process includes transforming blocks with IFFT, modifying coefficients based on a matrix H, and combining blocks to form the watermarked image. Decoding involves splitting the received image, applying IFFT, generating PN codes, and correlating to extract the watermark.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Performance metrics such as Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Bit Error Rate (BER) were calculated to evaluate robustness against various attacks and distortions.
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