研究目的
To review the commercial implementation of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), focusing on standard-based implementations and low-cost options.
研究成果
The cost of synchrophasor measurement technology has decreased but remains significant for widespread deployment in distribution networks. Low-cost PMUs can enhance monitoring and control in various applications, such as infrastructure facilities, but challenges like GPS signal issues and the need for backup clocks exist. Future research should focus on developing reliable and affordable PMUs.
研究不足
The paper is a review and does not conduct new experiments, so it relies on the accuracy and completeness of existing sources. It excludes virtual PMU concepts and may not cover all low-cost implementations. The comparison in Table I is based on limited data and may not be exhaustive.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The paper is a comprehensive review, not an experimental study, so it does not involve experimental design or methods. It analyzes existing literature and implementations of PMUs.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
The review is based on published works, standards (e.g., IEEE C37.118), and commercial PMU implementations from sources like academic theses, projects (e.g., OpenPMU), and manufacturer data.
3：118), and commercial PMU implementations from sources like academic theses, projects (e.g., OpenPMU), and manufacturer data. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Not applicable as this is a review paper; no specific equipment or materials are used in experiments.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Not applicable; the paper summarizes and compares existing PMU implementations without conducting new experiments.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
The analysis involves qualitative comparison of PMU implementations based on cost, open-source availability, and implementation difficulty, as presented in Table I.
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Fault Recorder
SIPROTEC 7KE85
Siemens
Fault detection and recording, integrated with PMU functionality
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Power Sentinel
1133A
Arbiter Systems
GPS-synchronized power quality revenue standard
-
Portable Power Sentinel
933A
Arbiter Systems
Portable PMU with remote GPS receiver
-
GPS Receiver
AS0077600
Arbiter Systems
Remote GPS receiver for PMU synchronization
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Line Current Differential Protection and Automation System
SEL-311L
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories
Protection and automation with PMU functionality
-
Protection, Automation, and Control System
SEL-421
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories
High-speed distance and directional protection with PMU functionality
-
Protection, Automation, and Bay Control System
SEL-451
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories
Bay control with PMU functionality
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Phasor Measurement Unit
RES670
ABB
Real-time wide area power system monitoring, protection, and control
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MicroPMU
PQube 3
Power Sensors Ltd
Micro synchrophasor unit for distribution grids with data storage and UPS
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DAQ Module
NI DAQ
National Instruments
Data acquisition for OpenPMU V1 implementation
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BeagleBone Black
BeagleBone Black
BeagleBoard
Open-source hardware for OpenPMU V2 implementation
-
Arduino Due
Arduino Due
Arduino
Microcontroller for low-cost PMU implementation in Mohapatra's thesis
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