1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study uses a free-space broadband frequency-modulated near-infrared (NIR) photon transmission and backscattering mode technique. It involves measuring insertion loss (IL) and insertion phase (IP) over frequencies from 30 to 1000 MHz to characterize photon interaction with blood samples. The methodology includes mathematical modeling using the diffusion equation for photon transport in biological media.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Blood samples were collected from patients: 30 patients (240 samples) for transmission mode and 40 patients (320 samples) for reflection mode. Additional 480 subjects were used for accuracy testing. Samples were blind and random, with laboratory confirmation of blood types.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes an Automatic Network Analyzer (Anritsu MS4623B), optical transmitters (VCSELs at 680 nm, 795 nm, 850 nm), optical receivers (APD module C5658), RF switch (Hittite HMC245QS16), RF amplifier (HMC453ST89), bias tees, blood tubes, and human lower forearm for in vivo measurements.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The study is divided into two stages. Stage 1 (in vitro): Transmission mode measurements through blood tubes to create an indexed database of IL and IP for different blood types. Stage 2 (in vivo): Reflection mode measurements on the lower forearm using a narrow band of 245-607 MHz to noninvasively identify blood types by mapping to the index. Data processing involves differentiating ΔIL and ΔIP to identify peaks and correlate with blood types.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analysis includes computing derivatives of IL and IP to emphasize slope changes, correlation analysis between transmission and reflection mode results, and statistical evaluation of false-negative errors using percentages.