1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate the photodynamic therapy effects of Cu-Cy NPs on HCC. Methods included MTT assays, fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry for apoptosis, western blotting, and animal xenograft models.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Human HCC cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 were used, obtained from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Animal studies used nude mice with subcutaneous HepG2 tumors.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included UV lamp (irradiation peak at 360 nm, 20 mW/cm2), EVOS fluorescence microscope, Shimadzu UV-vis spectrophotometer, flow cytometry apoptosis assay kit (Beckman Coulter Inc.), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Materials included Cu-Cy NPs synthesized from CuCl2·2H2O and cysteamine, MTT reagent (Solarbio), calcein AM, ethidiumhomodimer-1 (EthD-1), and ExoQuick exosome precipitation kit.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Cells were cultured, treated with Cu-Cy NPs and/or UV radiation, and assessed for viability, apoptosis, and protein expression. In vivo, mice were injected with HepG2 cells, treated with Cu-Cy NPs and UV, and tumor growth was monitored. Exosome absorption was tested using RNO decolorization.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 with Student's t-test and ANOVA for statistical significance.