1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

Laser cladding technique was used to fabricate coatings on a titanium alloy substrate with TiB2 powder of varying particle sizes (0.5 μm, 5 μm, 50 μm). The study involved varying laser powers to observe microstructure evolution, hardness, and wear resistance.

2：5 μm, 5 μm, 50 μm). The study involved varying laser powers to observe microstructure evolution, hardness, and wear resistance. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: TC4 titanium alloy substrates (Φ30 mm × 15 mm) were used. TiB2 powders of specified sizes were pre-coated with phenolic resin, dried, and then laser-cladded.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included an YLS-6000 IPG fiber laser, SEM (JSM-6490LA), XRD (D/max 2550 VL/PC), EPMA (JXA-800), TEM (JEOL-2100), micro hardness tester (HXD-1000B), fretting wear tester (FTM200), and profilometer (Mahr-M1). Materials included TiB2 powders, phenolic resin, acetone, alcohol, and etchant (HNO3:HF:H2O = 3:2:95).

4：1). Materials included TiB2 powders, phenolic resin, acetone, alcohol, and etchant (HNO

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Substrates were prepared by grinding and cleaning. TiB2 powder was pre-coated, dried, and laser-cladded under argon gas. Post-cladding, specimens were cut, ground, polished, etched, and analyzed using SEM, XRD, EPMA, TEM for microstructure, and tested for hardness and wear resistance.

5：5). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Microstructure was analyzed via SEM, XRD, EPMA, and TEM. Hardness was measured with a micro hardness tester, and wear volume was calculated from profilometer data. Statistical methods included multiple measurements for reliability.