1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved embedding FBG sensors into a soft silicone substrate glued onto a PVC substrate, which was aligned with the morphing wing's flexible ribs. Experiments compared sensors with and without the PVC-reinforced substrate to evaluate sensitivity and repeatability. The sensor was calibrated using standard curvature calibration blocks to establish a relationship between wavelength shift and bending curvature. Wing shape reconstruction was performed at different deformation states using a linear interpolation algorithm.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

The morphing wing prototype with a PVC-reinforced silicone substrate (150 mm × 100 mm) was used. Three FBG sensors (FBG 1, FBG 2, FBG 3) with specific wavelengths (1530.52 nm, 1540.45 nm, 1550.01 nm) were embedded. Data on wavelength shifts and curvatures were collected during wing deformation experiments.

3：52 nm, 45 nm, 01 nm) were embedded. Data on wavelength shifts and curvatures were collected during wing deformation experiments. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included a broadband light source (wavelengths 1529 nm to 1605 nm), an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) with 0.5 pm resolution, a YOKOGAWA AQ6370C spectrograph (wavelength range 600–1700 nm, power range +20 dBm to ?90 dBm), and a custom demodulator (wavelength range 1525–1610 nm, demodulation rate 35 kHz). Materials included Ecoflex-0050A and Ecoflex-0050B silicone (Smooth-on Inc), PVC sheet, and optical fiber with FBGs.

4：5 pm resolution, a YOKOGAWA AQ6370C spectrograph (wavelength range 600–1700 nm, power range +20 dBm to ?90 dBm), and a custom demodulator (wavelength range 1525–1610 nm, demodulation rate 35 kHz). Materials included Ecoflex-0050A and Ecoflex-0050B silicone (Smooth-on Inc), PVC sheet, and optical fiber with FBGs. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The silicone sheet was fabricated by mixing Ecoflex A and B, pouring into a mold with a PVC sheet, embedding the FBG sensor, and curing for four hours. Sensing experiments involved measuring wavelength shifts of FBGs during wing deformation from non-cambered to cambered states. Visual measurement experiments were conducted for comparison.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Wavelength shifts were measured using the OSA and demodulator. Bending curvature was calculated from wavelength shift using derived relationships. 3D shape reconstruction was performed in MATLAB using interpolation and curve fitting functions. Relative errors were calculated by comparing FBG sensing results with visual measurements.