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Understanding the performance of a paper‐based UV exposure sensor: The photodegradation mechanism of brilliant blue FCF in the presence of TiO <sub/>2</sub> photocatalysts in both the solid‐state and solution
摘要： Rationale: The decolouration of brilliant blue FCF by the action of TiO2 under UV exposure has been recently reported as the basis of a paper-based sensor for monitoring UV sun exposure. The mechanism of brilliant blue FCF photodegradation in the presence of the photocatalyst and the resulting photoproducts are thus far unknown. Methods: The UV initiated photodegradation of brilliant blue FCF in the presence of TiO2 for both the aqueous and the solid state was investigated. Degradation in the solid state was observed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Decomposition of the dye in the aqueous state was analysed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Results: After UV radiation exposure, the brilliant blue FCF base peak [M1-H+NH4]+ (m/z calc. 766.194 found 766.194) decreased in the LC/MS chromatogram with a concomitant appearance of BB-FCF decomposition products involving the sequential loss of the N-ethyl- and N-methylbenzene sulfonate (MBSA) groups, assigned as [M2+H]+ (-MBSA, calc. 579.163 found 579.162), [M3+H]+ (-MBSA, -Et, calc. 551.131 found 551.131), [M4+H]+ (-2MBSA, calc. 409.158 found 409.158), [M5+H]+ (-2MBSA, -Et, calc. 381.127 found 381.127). Ions [M2+H]+ and [M3+H]+ were also identified in the photodegradation products using MALDI-MS. Observation by UV-vis indicated a decrease in the solution absorbance maxima and an associated blue-shift upon UV exposure in solution. Conclusion: The LC/MS analysis indicated two main oxidation processes. The most obvious was attack of the N-methylene, eliminating either ethyl or MBSA groups. The presence of the hydroxylated decomposition product M13 ([M13+H]+ calc. 595.157, found 595.157) supported this assignment. In addition, the detection of photoproduct M8, proposed to be 3-((ethylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonic acid ([M8+H]+ calc. 216.069 found 216.069), indicates an aryl-oxidative elimination. The absence of the aryl-hydroxy products normally expected to accompany the formation of M8 is proposed to be due to TiO2 binding catechol-like derivatives, which are then removed upon filtration.
关键词： TiO2,UV sensor,Photodegradation,Brilliant blue FCF
更新于2025-11-14 15:25:21
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Dual-emission color-controllable nanoparticle based molecular imprinting ratiometric fluorescence sensor for the visual detection of Brilliant Blue
摘要： Single-component dual-emission nanoparticles were synthesized by chelating the organic ligand 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) to the surface of CdTe/ZnS quantum dots, namely CdTe/ZnQ2, and were used to construct a novel mesoporous structured molecular imprinting ratiometric fluorescence sensor by facile one-pot sol-gel polymerization for the visual detection of Brilliant Blue. The CdTe/ZnQ2 had bimodal fluorescence belonging to CdTe and ZnQ2 segments, respectively; significantly, the emission wavelength of CdTe was optimized to be 630 nm for the largest overlap with the absorption spectrum of Brilliant Blue. Consequently, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency was greatly enhanced, resulting in ideal determination. A favorable linearity toward Brilliant Blue was obtained within 0–1.0 μmol?L-1 along with profuse color evolution from orange to yellowish orange to yellowish green to green, and a high detectability of 8.8 nmol?L-1 was offered. Excellent recognition selectivity for Brilliant Blue over possibly coexistent food colorants was demonstrated, with a high imprinting factor of 7.1. Furthermore, endogenous Brilliant Blue was detected ranging from 0.21–41.03 mg/kg in six typical food samples with relative standard deviations lower than 3.5%, and the results agreed well with that afforded by conventional methods. Using Brilliant Blue as a model, this dual-emission color-controllable nanoparticle based imprinting ratiometric fluorescence sensor provided promising perspectives for the highly selective and sensitive, rapid, visual detection of colored substances in complicated matrices.
关键词： Molecular imprinting,Brilliant Blue,Dual-emission nanoparticles,Ratiometric fluorescence,Visual detection
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Osmolarity and spectrophotometric property of brilliant blue green define the degree of toxicity on retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to surgical endoilluminator
摘要： Objective: To evaluate the effect of varying concentrations of brilliant blue green (BBG) and their different biochemical characteristics on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under xenon light source illumination at varying distances to identify safe parameters for intraoperative use. Methods: Human retinal RPE cells (ARPE-19) were exposed to two concentrations (0.25 and 0.50 mg/mL) of BBG and illuminated with a xenon surgical illuminator at varying distances (10 and 25 mm), intensity levels, and time intervals (1, 5, and 15 minutes). Additionally, the effect of osmolarity was examined by diluting BBG in different concentrations of glucose. Cytotoxicity of BBG and osmolarity effects on cell viability were evaluated using a WST-1 assay. Light absorption and emission characteristic of BBG in different solvents were measured using a plate reader at different wavelengths. Lastly, the activity of caspase-3 was also studied. Results: Cell viability of ARPE-19 cells was 77.4%±12.7%, 78.7%±17.0%, and 65.0%±19.7% at 1, 5, and 15 minutes to exposure of high illumination xenon light at 10 mm (P<0.05) compared to controls. At both distances of illumination (10 and 25 mm), similar cell viabilities were seen between 1 and 5 minutes of exposure. However, there was a decline in viability when the illumination was carried out to 15 minutes in all groups (P<0.05). There was no significant reduction in cell viability in presence or absence of xenon light in different osmolar solutions concentrations of glucose (P>0.05). Maximal light absorption of BBG was noted between 540 and 680 nm. Activated caspase-3 level was not significant in both the concentrations of BBG (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that BBG at 0.25 mg/mL during vitreoretinal surgery is safe and not toxic to RPE cells up to 5 minutes under focal high illumination (10 mm) and up to 15 minutes under medium diffuse illumination (25 mm). BBG was safe to be mixed with isotonic glucose solution at the concentration range of 2.5%–10%, regardless of the illumination status.
关键词： human retinal RPE cells,vitrectomy,internal limiting membrane peel,brilliant blue green dye,endoilluminator
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Fluorescence Spectral Study on the Interaction Between Brilliant Blue and Trypsin
摘要： The interaction between brilliant blue and trypsin was studied by using fluorescent technique. The fluorescence quenching data were analyzed according to Stern-Volmer equation and Line weaver-Burk equation. The binding constants, thermodynamic parameters and binding sites were obtained. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the main binding force between brilliant blue and trypsin was ascertained as electrostatic interaction. The binding distance between brilliant blue and trypsin was also given based on the F?rster energy transfer theory.
关键词： Fluorescence spectrum,Thermodynamic parameters,Trypsin,Brilliant blue
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of Reactive Brilliant Blue X-BR by Expanded Perlite/TiO2
摘要： Expanded perlite loaded titanium dioxide photocatalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method. Expanded perlites were modified using H2SO4 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in this experiment. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of Reactive brilliant blue X-BR by expanded perlites loaded titanium dioxide photocatalysts has been investigated. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area, X-ray diffraction analysis. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the photocatalytic oxidation of Reactive brilliant blue X-BR solution. It was found that the prepared expanded perlite loaded titanium dioxide photocatalysts have an excellent photocatalytic under ultraviolet illumination. The results of ultraviolet spectrum and infrared absorption spectrum showed that the anthraquinone structures and benzene rings were destroyed under photocatalytic oxidation reaction. The identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analyses indicated that H2O and carbon dioxide could be the primary degradation products.
关键词： Reactive brilliant blue X-BR,Expanded perlites,Photocatalytic degradation mechanism,TiO2
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46