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- 摘要
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- 实验方案
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A new dual band 4 x 4 butler matrix with dual band 3dB quadrature branch line coupler and dual band 45° phase shifter
摘要： A new dual band 4 × 4 butler matrix (BM) without crossover has been proposed, implemented and analyzed in this paper. A new dual band 45° phase shifter has also been proposed. The dual band BM, dual band 3dB quadrature branch line coupler (BLC) and dual band 45o phase shifter have been designed using Keysight Technologies’ Advanced Design System (ADS) software and implemented on the Rogers 2.33, having a thickness of 0.787 mm for 1.0 GHz and 2.5 GHz operating frequencies. Before the implementation of the proposed BM, the dual band 3dB quadrature BLC and dual band 45° phase shifter have been designed, implemented and analyzed. The proposed dual band 4 × 4 BM has been developed by placing four dual band 3dB quadrature BLCs and two dual band 45° phase shifters at their appropriate positions. Circuit parameters variation of the proposed BLC, phase shifter and BM with frequency ratios have been studied in this paper. The measured and simulated results of the dual band BM validated the design methodology. A performance analysis comparing the proposed BM with the existing butler matrices has also been carried out.
关键词： branch line coupler,Butler matrix,dual band,impedance transformer,45o phase shifter,advanced design system
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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[IEEE 2019 34th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices (SBMicro) - Sao Paulo, Brazil (2019.8.26-2019.8.30)] 2019 34th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices (SBMicro) - Effect of the dopant location and the number of Bragg mirrors on the performance of superlattice infrared photodetectors
摘要： This paper presents a substrate integrated waveguide Butler matrix with a modi?ed hybrid coupler, operating from 28 to 32 GHz. The modi?ed hybrid coupler is realized by using 90? hybrid coupler followed by a ?45? compensating phase shifter. Thus, 45?/135? output phase differences can be obtained using this type of coupler. Compared with the equal-length unequal-width phase shifter, the compensating phase shifter exhibits better phase characteristics, with only 3? phase error over 28–32 GHz. Because the phase of compensating phase shifter is not realized by taking the phase introduced by the crossover as a reference, it gives great ?exibility to the design of compensating phase shifter. Adopting the modi?ed hybrid coupler, the designed Butler matrix features the output phases with peak to peak error of 13? and wideband performance from 28 to 32 GHz. The slot array fed by the Butler matrix can radiate four slanted beams with acceptable measured gains, in the range of 9.7～12 dBi for port 1 excitation and 8.4～11.1 dBi for port 2 excitation. The radiated beams can reach a wide azimuthal coverage between ±61?.
关键词： Butler matrix,Modi?ed hybrid coupler,substrate integrated waveguide (SIW),compensating phase shifter,slot array antenna
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Rapid Recovery of CIGS Solar Cells from PID Stress with Light Soaking
摘要： This paper presents a substrate integrated waveguide Butler matrix with a modi?ed hybrid coupler, operating from 28 to 32 GHz. The modi?ed hybrid coupler is realized by using 90? hybrid coupler followed by a ?45? compensating phase shifter. Thus, 45?/135? output phase differences can be obtained using this type of coupler. Compared with the equal-length unequal-width phase shifter, the compensating phase shifter exhibits better phase characteristics, with only 3? phase error over 28–32 GHz. Because the phase of compensating phase shifter is not realized by taking the phase introduced by the crossover as a reference, it gives great ?exibility to the design of compensating phase shifter. Adopting the modi?ed hybrid coupler, the designed Butler matrix features the output phases with peak to peak error of 13? and wideband performance from 28 to 32 GHz. The slot array fed by the Butler matrix can radiate four slanted beams with acceptable measured gains, in the range of 9.7～12 dBi for port 1 excitation and 8.4～11.1 dBi for port 2 excitation. The radiated beams can reach a wide azimuthal coverage between ±61?.
关键词： Butler matrix,Modi?ed hybrid coupler,substrate integrated waveguide (SIW),compensating phase shifter,slot array antenna
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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3-D-Printed Modified Butler Matrix Based on Gap Waveguide at W-Band for Monopulse Radar
摘要： This article presents the design and fabrication of low-loss, -weight, and -cost, modified Butler matrix in groove gap waveguide technology at W-band, implemented by additive manufacturing. The design, simulations, and measurements of the elements that conform to the modified Butler each of matrix are presented. The proposed modified Butler matrix is asymmetric and oriented to an easy assembly with a radial antenna in order to obtain simultaneous sum and difference patterns for a narrowband radar application. The measured individual components of the modified Butler matrix fit very well with the simulations. As for the full modified Butler matrix, measurements provide a 0.7% bandwidth below ?20 dB for sum and difference ports centered at 94 GHz. The amplitude and phase imbalance are below 1.5 dB and 20?, respectively. This narrow bandwidth is due to the difference in length between input and output ports due to the asymmetry of the design. The total losses of the modified Butler matrix are below 1 dB.
关键词： low profile,distribution network,Additive manufacturing,butler matrix,low cost,W-band,point-to-point communications,low weight,groove gap waveguide (GGW),radar,low loss,monopulse,space debris
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 44th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) - Paris, France (2019.9.1-2019.9.6)] 2019 44th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) - A Compact Butler Matrix Design Based on Metallic Nanowire Filled Membrane Technology and Tunable Phase Shifter at 160 GHz
摘要： This paper presents the design of a planar miniaturized 4x4 Butler matrix, with implementation of 4 tunable 135° delay line phase shifters for a 160 GHz application. The Butler matrix and phase shifters are both realized with a metallic nanowire filled slow-wave alumina membrane microstrip line to miniaturize the size. Tunability is achieved by filling in a microwave liquid crystal. Comparing with commonly used corporate feed network, the simulation results show such a Butler matrix with 135°-phase shifters has less insertion loss and reduced size.
关键词： 160 GHz,slow-wave alumina membrane,Butler matrix,metallic nanowire,phase shifters,liquid crystal
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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A 20-GHz-band 64×64 Hollow Waveguide Two-Dimensional Butler Matrix
摘要： In this paper, a 20-GHz-band 64×64 hollow waveguide Butler matrix is proposed. By using two-plane short slot couplers and a modified diagram, a short-axis two dimensional Butler matrix is realized. The design method of the diagram and components is presented. The Butler matrix is composed of two plane hybrids, cross couplers and phase shifters. The designed Butler matrix is fabricated by milling and screwing together nine aluminum plates. The dimensions and weight are 86.40 mm × 74.19 mm × 396.34 mm and 7.0 kg, respectively. Transmission characteristics as a beam switching circuit are characterized by measurements, with a low insertion loss of less than 1.8 dB and an excitation error of 4-dB and 40-deg. standard deviation. Radiation characteristics as a 64-beam antenna are measured, and a wide coverage area of 40% of the hemisphere and high directivity of more than 18.7 dBi were determined by measurements.
关键词： two-plane short slot coupler,Butler matrix,two dimensional beam switching,Hollow waveguide
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Cross-Configuration Substrate Integrated Waveguide Beamforming Network for 1D and 2D Beam Patterns
摘要： This paper presents the simulated and measured results of a dual-layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) beamforming network utilizing an 8 × 8 cross-con?guration Butler matrix over a frequency range of 28.5 to 31.5 GHz. By arranging the input ports on the bottom SIW layer and employing dual-layer passband ?lters as a detachment point, the top SIW layer can be interchanged with the purpose of exploring one-dimensional and two-dimensional broadside beam patterns. Although Butler matrices are not typically utilized for beamforming in this con?guration, two examples of interchangeable top layer arrays are demonstrated; the ?rst being a 2 × 8 slot antenna array for 1-D scanning, and the second being a 2 × 4 center-slot array for 2-D scanning. Each of the beamforming network’s simulated and measured 10 dB bandwidth is demonstrated over a range of 28.5 to 31.5 GHz. Additional design details and dimensions are speci?ed for the aforementioned passband ?lter transitions, as well as for each of the slot antenna arrays.
关键词： millimeter-wave,dual-layer SIW ?lters,slot antenna array,Butler matrix,substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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One-Body 2-D Beam-Switching Butler Matrix with Waveguide Short-Slot 2-Plane Couplers
摘要： A 42 × 42-way one-body 2-D beam-switching Butler matrix with waveguide short-slot 2-plane couplers is designed and fabricated in the 22 GHz band. The one-body con?guration using the commutativity and the overlapping of units allows reducing the size and loss in comparison with a cascade of matrices beam-switching for the horizontal and the vertical planes. It is achieved by replacing 2×2-way 1-plane couplers in the conventional block con?guration for a Butler matrix with 22 × 22-way 2-plane couplers. The measured bandwidth is approximately 2% restricted by the frequency characteristics of the 2-plane couplers. In the radiation from the aperture array antenna of the 42 output ports, the 3.9 dB-down coverage of 3-D solid angle by the sixteen beams is around 1.72 steradian which is same as 27.4% of hemisphere at the design frequency for the aperture spacing of 0.73 × 0.73 wavelength.
关键词： waveguide short-slot coupler,beam-switching,Butler matrix
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[Institution of Engineering and Technology 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018) - London, UK (9-13 April 2018)] 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018) - Compact Butler Network for 2D-Steered Array
摘要： a novel Butler matrix is proposed. It consists of resonant stripline couplers without phase shifters nor crossings. In order to prove its working mechanism, it is used in a beam forming network (BFN) to drive a 2×2 array realized in multilayer PCB technology. A prototype has been built and measured.
关键词： Butler matrix,2x2 array,Stripline
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Wideband Dual-Polarized Multiple Beam-Forming Antenna Arrays
摘要： Wideband multi-beam antenna arrays based on three-beam Butler matrices are presented in this paper. The proposed beam-forming arrays are particularly suited to increasing the capacity of 4G long-term evolution (LTE) base stations. Although dual-polarized arrays are widely used in LTE base stations, analogue beam-forming arrays have not been realized before, due to the huge challenge of achieving wide operating bandwidth and stable array patterns. To tackle these problems, for the first time, we present a novel wideband multiple beam-forming antenna array based on Butler matrices. The described beam-forming networks produce three beams but the methods are applicable to larger networks. The essential part of the beam-forming array is a wideband three-beam Butler matrix, which comprises quadrature couplers and fixed wideband phase shifters. Wideband quadrature and phase shifters are developed using striplines, which provide the required power levels and phase differences at the outputs. To achieve the correct beamwidth and to obtain the required level of crossover between adjacent beams, beam-forming networks consisting of augmented three-beam Butler matrices using power dividers are presented to expand the number of output ports from three to five or six. Dual-polarized, three-beam antenna arrays with five and six elements covering LTE band are developed. Prototypes comprising beam-forming networks and arrays are tested according to LTE base station specification. The test results show close agreement with the simulation ones and compliance with LTE requirements. The designs presented are applicable to a wide range of wideband multi-beam arrays.
关键词： Butler matrix,quadrature couplers,dual-linear polarization,multi-beam,LTE base stations,wideband,beam-forming networks,phase shifters,Antenna arrays
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14