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Porphyrin–High-Density Lipoprotein: A Novel Photosensitizing Nanoparticle for Lung Cancer Therapy
摘要： Background. We have developed ultrasmall porphyrin–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanoparticles (<20 nm), called “porphyrinHDL,” that have a high density of porphyrin molecules and dissociate rapidly upon tumor cell accumulation to become ?uorescent and photoactive. This is introduced as a novel activatable photosensitizer for image-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, we report the studies of these nanoparticles targeted to scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expressed on lung cancer cells as a ?rst step toward development of a minimally invasive treatment for peripheral lung cancer and metastatic lymph nodes of advanced lung cancer. Methods. The in vitro uptake of porphyrinHDL and the corresponding PDT ef?cacy were evaluated in both SR-BI–positive and SR-BI–negative lung cancer cell lines. A clinically relevant orthotopic lung cancer model in mice was used to examine ?uorescence activation and quanti?cation of uptake in tumor. In addition, we investigated the effect of porphyrinHDL-mediated PDT. Results. PorphyrinHDL promoted proper intracellular uptake in the H460 human lung cancer cell line. When irradiated with a 671-nm PDT laser, porphyrinHDL produced signi?cant therapeutic effectiveness in vitro. After systemic administration in mice with orthotopic lung cancer xenografts, porphyrinHDL demonstrated selective accumulation and photoactivation in tumor with signi?cantly enhanced disease-to-normal tissue contrast. Moreover, porphyrinHDL-PDT signi?cantly induced cell apoptosis in lung tumors (73.2%) without toxicity in normal tissues or damage to adjacent critical structures. Conclusions. SR-BI–targeted porphyrinHDL-mediated PDT of lung cancer is selective and effective in vitro and in vivo. These initial proof-of-principle studies suggest the potential of a “smart” PDT approach for highly selective tumor ablation.
关键词： Nanoparticles,PorphyrinHDL,Lung cancer,Scavenger receptor class B type I,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics] Computer Aided Intervention and Diagnostics in Clinical and Medical Images Volume 31 || Deep Neural Architecture for Localization and Tracking of Surgical Tools in Cataract Surgery
摘要： Over the last couple of decades, the quality of surgical interventions has improved owing to the use of computer vision and robotic assistance. One such application of computer vision, namely, detection of surgical tools in videos is gaining attention of the medical image processing community. The main motivation for detection, localization, and annotation of surgical tools is to develop applications for surgical workflow analysis. Such an analysis can aid in report generation, real-time decision support, etc. Cataract surgery is one of the common surgical procedure where surgeons do have direct visual access to the surgical site. Extremely small tools are used for this procedure and the surgeons observe the surgical site through a surgical microscope. In such cases, detecting the presence of tools can act an additional aid to the surgeon as well as other surgical staffs. We propose a framework consisting of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which learns to distinguish and detect the presence of various surgical tools by learning robust features from the frames of a surgical video. Various deep neural architectures are hence evaluated for the task of detecting tools. The baseline models used for the purpose are pretrained on Imagenet dataset and they render upto 50% prediction accuracy. All the experiments have been validated on the dataset released as part of the Cataracts Grand Challenge. A framework for localization and detection of tools has also been proposed, which is capable of extracting visual features from glimpses of an image, by adaptively selecting and processing only the selected regions at high resolution.
关键词： Multiple tool detection,Cataract surgery,CNN,Glimpse network,Deep neural architectures,Class imbalance
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC) - Shenzhen, China (2018.11.4-2018.11.7)] 2018 IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC) - Analysis and Design of Class-E ZVS Inverter with Parallel Circuit for MHz Wireless Power Transfer
摘要： This paper presents a class-E zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) inverter for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. The inverter is designed to achieve high efficiency and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) by operating at the resonant frequency of the load network. The experimental results show that the inverter can achieve an efficiency of over 90% with a power output of 100 W at a frequency of 1 MHz. The switch voltage is minimized to reduce stress and improve reliability. The proposed design is suitable for various WPT applications, including electric vehicle charging and consumer electronics.
关键词： class-e,inverter,wireless power transfer
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[Institution of Engineering and Technology 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018) - London, UK (9-13 April 2018)] 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018) - Remote Vital Sign Recognition through Machine Learning augmented UWB
摘要： This paper describes an experimental demonstration of machine learning (ML) techniques supplementing radar to distinguish and detect vital signs of users in a domestic environment. This work augments an intelligent location awareness system previously proposed by the authors. That research employed Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) radar complemented by supervised machine learning techniques to remotely identify a person’s room location via ?oor plan training and time stamp correlations. Here, the remote breathing and heartbeat signals are analyzed through Short Term Fourier Transformation (STFT) to determine the Micro-Doppler signature of those vital signs in different room locations. Then, Multi-Class Support Vector Machine (MC-SVM) is implemented to train the system to intelligently distinguish between vital signs during different activities. Statistical analysis of the experimental results supports the proposed algorithm. This work could be used to further understand, for example, how active older people are by engaging in typical domestic activities.
关键词： Short Term Fourier Transform (STFT),Breathing,Ultra-Wide Band (UWB),Multi-Class Support Vector Machine (MC-SVM),Heartbeat,Indoor Positioning System (IPS)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Defect detection techniques robust to process variation in semiconductor inspection
摘要： As semiconductor manufacturing process has resulted in downscaling device dimensions, the critical defect size has been becoming smaller and smaller. The highly sensitive optical wafer inspection tool for detecting small defects erroneously detects the process variations as defects and generates a large amount of 'nuisance' information. Thus, the scanning electron microscope (SEM)-based review tool needs to automatically discriminate between defects and nuisance information. To discriminate nuisance information, the absence of defects in the SEM image needs to be accurately detected through an inspection process using the review tool. We propose a defect detection method with (a) an integration of multiple comparison-detection results (IMCD) to suppress the number of defect candidates and (b) a discrimination based on a normal image model (DNPM) to judge whether the candidate is a defect or normal. An evaluation using SEM images of a processed wafer revealed that combining the IMCD and DNPM achieves a nuisance information discrimination rate of 84.4% and a defect detection rate of 93.3%, which are higher than those of the one-class support vector machine (SVM). The proposed methods automatically collect defect images efficiently even when much nuisance information is produced by the optical wafer inspection tool and enable manual visual checks to be reduced.
关键词： image processing,clustering,one-class discrimination,self-organizing map,defect inspection
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 25th International Conference "Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and System" (MIXDES) - Gdynia, Poland (2018.6.21-2018.6.23)] 2018 25th International Conference "Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and System" (MIXDES) - Optimization of Class-D Amplifier Output Stage for Piezoelectric Actuator Control
摘要： Design of a piezoelectric driver for a microelectromechanical actuator in a small form factor for laser telecommunications is introduced. The driver introduces a number of challenges due to its size and power limitations as a Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) actuator. Because of the small form factor, the driver must be integrated into the actuator itself, which limits its size and power. The efficiency of a linear amplifier becomes a major drawback due to the dissipated heat of only 20 W for the Laser Telecommunications Module (LTM), low efficiency of a linear amplifier becomes a major drawback due to the dissipated heat. Switching Class-E amplifiers provide exceptional efficiency compared to non-switching solutions at a price of high frequency harmonics, which allows for higher output power without additional heat dissipation. The efficiency, however, comes at a price of high frequency harmonics, which must be reduced by implementing a High-Energy-Efficiency Interference (HEEI) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Driving a capacitive load, such as a piezoelectric actuator, at a high frequency with a Class-E amplifier requires a matching network to achieve the desired output power. The measurements were performed on a custom-made driver model for piezoelectric stack actuators with 270 V peak-to-peak voltage, 500 kHz switching frequency and a range of capacitive load from 2.1 nF to 20 nF.
关键词： Actuator,Driver,Amplifier,Distortion,LTM.2,Output Stage,SMPS,Class-E,Total,LTM,THD,MEMS,Harmonic,Transmission,Telecommunications,Laser,Module,High-Energy-Efficiency,HEEI,Interference,Piezoelectric,Microelectromechanical
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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gauge models: Towards quantum simulations of the Schwinger-Weyl QED
摘要： We study the ground-state properties of a class of Zn lattice gauge theories in 1 + 1 dimensions, in which the gauge fields are coupled to spinless fermionic matter. These models, stemming from discrete representations of the Weyl commutator for the U(1) group, preserve the unitary character of the minimal coupling and have, therefore, the property of formally approximating lattice quantum electrodynamics in one spatial dimension in the large-n limit. The numerical study of such approximated theories is important to determine their effectiveness in reproducing the main features and phenomenology of the target theory, in view of implementations of cold-atom quantum simulators of QED. In this paper, we study the cases n = 2 ÷ 8 by means of a DMRG code that exactly implements Gauss’s law. We perform a careful scaling analysis and show that, in absence of a background field, all Zn models exhibit a phase transition which falls in the Ising universality class, with spontaneous symmetry breaking of the CP symmetry. We then perform the large-n limit and find that the asymptotic values of the critical parameters approach the ones obtained for the known phase transition of the zero-charge sector of the massive Schwinger model, which occurs at negative mass.
关键词： phase transition,Ising universality class,CP symmetry,Zn lattice gauge theories,cold-atom quantum simulators,DMRG code,quantum electrodynamics
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Hardware-efficient Signal Processing Technologies for Coherent PON Systems
摘要： Future passive optical network (PON) systems supporting more than 50 Gb/s/λ present a challenge for the use of intensity modulation direct detection (IM-DD). Since coherent technology improves the receiver sensitivity over that of IM-DD, it is a promising candidate for 100 Gb/s or higher PON systems. Introducing hardware-efficient signal processing technologies tailored to PON systems will help render coherent technology suitable for PON systems. We here review hardware-efficient signal processing technologies suitable for PON systems. We introduce two types of simplified adaptive equalization (AEQ), one which sacrifices differential group delay compensation (DGDC), and another which sacrifices some chromatic dispersion compensation but does provide DGDC. Transmission experiments on a 100 Gb/s/λ-based coherent wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) PON system showed that simplified AEQ without DGDC and with DGDC exhibited only 0.2 dB and 1.4 dB penalty respectively, compared with conventional DSP. The additional penalty due to the maximum possible cumulative DGD was evaluated by numerical simulation. Conventional AEQ and the simplified AEQ with DGDC showed negligible penalty, but the simplified AEQ without DGDC showed a 1.4 dB penalty. We also introduce simplified carrier phase recovery (CPR) with inter-polarization phase offset estimation, and this showed the same performance as the conventional DSP, in both experiment and simulation. Taking these results into account, 100 Gb/s/λ-based coherent WDM PON systems with the simplified AEQs in combination with the simplified CPR were shown to be able to support the loss budget required for 8 ONU splits over an 80 km span of single mode fiber.
关键词： adaptive equalization (AEQ),5G mobile front haul (MFH),coherent communication,carrier phase recovery (CPR),100 Gb/s-class passive optical network (PON)
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Optical Analysis of Secondary Optical Element for Microtracking CPV System with Core-shell Spherical Lens
摘要： Class EF and Class E/F inverters are hybrid inverters that combine the improved switch voltage and current waveforms of Class F and Class F-1 inverters with the ef?cient switching of Class E inverters. As a result, their ef?ciency, output power and power output capability can be higher in some cases than the Class E inverter. Little is known about these inverters and no attempt has been made to provide an in depth analysis on their performance. The design equations that have been previously derived are limited and are only applicable under certain assumptions. This paper is the ?rst to provide a comprehensive set of analytical analysis of Class EF and Class E/F inverters. The Class EF2 inverter is then studied in further detail and three special operation cases are de?ned that allow it to either operate at maximum power-output capability, maximum switching frequency, or maximum output power. Final design equations are provided to allow for rapid design and development. Experimental results are provided to con?rm the accuracy of the performed analysis based on a 23-W Class EF2 inverter at 6.78-MHz and 8.60-MHz switching frequencies. The results also show that the Class EF2 inverter achieved an ef?ciency of 91% compared to a 88% ef?ciency when operated as a Class E inverter.
关键词： high-frequency inverters,Class EF inverters,Class E inverters
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 14th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) - Xi'an, China (2019.6.19-2019.6.21)] 2019 14th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) - Portable Crack Measurement Vision System Based on Parallel Laser
摘要： Class EF and Class E/F inverters are hybrid inverters that combine the improved switch voltage and current waveforms of Class F and Class F-1 inverters with the ef?cient switching of Class E inverters. As a result, their ef?ciency, output power and power output capability can be higher in some cases than the Class E inverter. Little is known about these inverters and no attempt has been made to provide an in depth analysis on their performance. The design equations that have been previously derived are limited and are only applicable under certain assumptions. This paper is the ?rst to provide a comprehensive set of analytical analysis of Class EF and Class E/F inverters. The Class EF2 inverter is then studied in further detail and three special operation cases are de?ned that allow it to either operate at maximum power-output capability, maximum switching frequency, or maximum output power. Final design equations are provided to allow for rapid design and development. Experimental results are provided to con?rm the accuracy of the performed analysis based on a 23-W Class EF2 inverter at 6.78-MHz and 8.60-MHz switching frequencies. The results also show that the Class EF2 inverter achieved an ef?ciency of 91% compared to a 88% ef?ciency when operated as a Class E inverter.
关键词： high-frequency inverters,Class EF inverters,Class E inverters
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01