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Thermal management of concentrator photovoltaic systems using nanoa??enhanced phase change materialsa??based heat sink
摘要： Temperature regulation of concentrator photovoltaic systems is essential in reducing operating temperatures with higher system performance. A new nano-enhanced phase change material, with multi-cavity heat sinks, integrated with a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system is developed. The multi-cavity heat sink includes a single-, triple-, and quintuple-cavity configuration in both parallel and series pattern filled with n-octadecane PCM and graphene nanoparticle additives with 2% and 5 wt%. Numerical simulations are performed using the developed two-dimensional model for photovoltaic layers integrated with the nano-enhanced phase change material-based heat sink. The predicted results are compared with the available numerical results and measurements. Results indicate that increasing the number of parallel cavities, along with weight fraction of nanoparticles, significantly improves the thermal conductivity, and consequently attains better performance for the CPV system. Using a parallel quintuple-cavity configuration, with 5 wt% NPCM, achieves maximum reduction in the solar cell mean temperature along with the best temperature uniformity compared to other configurations. At a concentration ratio of 20, the thermal efficiency is 65%, the electrical efficiency is about 10%, and the output electrical power of the system is 235 W per m width of the cell. On the contrary, using a series pattern of the heat sink has an unfavorable effect on the mean solar cell temperature, as well as on electrical efficiency and thermal performance of the CPV system. The obtained result can assist in identifying the best possible design of the heat sink in addition to the most appropriate selection of PCM and nanoparticle additives.
关键词： electrical efficiency,graphene nanoparticles,concentrator photovoltaic system,multi-cavity heat sink,nano-enhanced phase change materials
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Environmental Impact of the High Concentrator Photovoltaic Thermal 2000x System
摘要： High Concentrator Photovoltaic Thermal (HCPV/T) systems produce both electrical and thermal energy and they are efficient in areas with high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI). This paper estimates the lifecycle environmental impact of the HCPV/T 2000x system for both electrical and thermal functionalities. Process-based attributional method following the guidelines and framework of ISO 14044/40 was used to conduct the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The midpoint and endpoint impact categories were studied. It was found that the main hotspots are the production of the thermal energy system contributing with 50% and 55%, respectively, followed by the production of the tracking system with 29% and 32% and the operation and maintenance with 13% and 7%. The main contributor to the lifecycle environmental impact category indicators was found to be the raw materials acquisition/production and manufacturing of the thermal energy and tracking systems. The results indicate that the lifecycle environmental impact of the HCPV/T 2000x system is lower compared to fuel-based Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and non-Renewable Energy Sources (non-RES) systems.
关键词： High Concentrator Photovoltaic Thermal (HCPV/T),environmental impacts,Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Simulation of a Novel Configuration for Luminescent Solar Concentrator Photovoltaic Devices Using Bifacial Silicon Solar Cells
摘要： In this study, a novel configuration for luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LSC PV) devices is presented, with vertically placed bifacial PV solar cells made of mono-crystalline silicon (mono c-Si). This LSC PV device comprises multiple rectangular cuboid lightguides, made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), containing Lumogen dyes, in particular, either Lumogen red 305 or orange 240. The bifacial solar cells are located in between these lightguide cubes and can, therefore, receive irradiance at both of their surfaces. The main aim of this study is to theoretically determine the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of five differently configured LSC PV devices. For this purpose, Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations were executed to analyze the irradiance at receiving PV cell surfaces, as well as the optical performance of these LSC PV devices. Five different LSC PV devices, with different geometries and varying dye concentrations, were modeled. To maximize the device efficiency, the bifacial cells were also attached to the back side of the lightguides. The ray tracing simulations resulted in a maximum efficiency of 16.9% under standard test conditions (STC) for a 15 × 15 cm2 LSC PV device, consisting of nine rectangular cuboid 5 × 5 × 1 cm3 PMMA lightguides with 5 ppm orange 240 dye, with 12 vertically positioned 5 × 1 cm2 bifacial cells in between the lightguides and nine 5 × 5 cm2 PV cells attached to the back of the device. If the cells are not applied to the back of this LSC PV device configuration, the maximum PCE will be 2.9% (under STC), where the LSC PV device consists of 25 cubical 1 × 1 × 1 cm3 PMMA lightguides with 110 ppm red 305 dye and 40 vertically oriented bifacial PV cells of 1 × 1 cm2 in between the lightguides. These results show the vast future potential for LSC PV technologies, with a higher performance and efficiency than the common threshold PCE for LSC PV devices of 10%.
关键词： simulation,bifacial solar cells,luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LSC PV),power conversion efficiency (PCE),ray tracing
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials || Multicell Design for Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) Module
摘要： Despite its highest efficiency, concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology is still finding its way into the current photovoltaic market which is saturated with conventional flat-plate photovoltaic systems. CPV systems have a great performance potential as they utilize third-generation multi-junction solar cells. In the CPV system, the main aspect is its concentrating assembly design which affects not only its overall performance but also its operation and fabrication. Conventional CPV design targets to use individual solar concentrator for each solar cell. The main motivation of this chapter is to propose a novel concentrating assembly design for CPV that is able to handle multiple solar cells, without affecting their size, using single solar concentrator. Such proposed design, named as multicell concentrating assembly (MCA), will not only reduce the assembly efforts during CPV module fabrication, but it will also lower the overall system cost with simplified design. In this chapter, a detailed design methodology of multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) for CPV module is presented and developed with complete verification through ray tracing simulation and field experimentation.
关键词： homogenizer,CPV,concentrator photovoltaic,multi-junction solar cell,novel concentrator
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Investigation of functionally graded metal foam thermal management system for solar cell
摘要： Concentrated photovoltaic cell (CPV) is a solar energy harvesting device that converts solar energy into electrical energy. However, the performance and efficiency of the CPV are heavily dependent on the temperature. Besides, nonuniformity of temperature distribution on the CPV will lead to thermal aging and affects the cycle life. Hence, an effective cooling system is required to remove excess heat generated to ensure that the CPV operates at optimum operating temperature with minimum variation of temperature. Metal foam is a new class of material that possesses huge potential for thermal management. In this study, a functionally graded metal foam is proposed for the CPV thermal management system. Computational thermal fluid dynamic analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of porosity and pore density on the flow field and thermal performance of the aluminum foam heat sink. The investigation results revealed that 10 PPI functionally graded aluminum foam heat sink with two stages of porosity gradient 0.794 and 0.682 produced the lowest pressure drop and highest thermal performance. Temperature difference of 3.9°C was achieved for a solar cell with total heat generation of 900 W under water mass flow rate of 20 gs?1.
关键词： metal foam,thermal management system,concentrator photovoltaic,functionally graded metal foam,CFD model
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Flat concentrator photovoltaic system for automotive applications
摘要： In this paper, we present a novel design and an optical simulation of a ?at concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system for electric vehicle application. The sunlight concentration component is comprised of a planar waveguide integrated dichroic mirror-coated cone prisms and a mirror-coated lens array. Sunlight re?ects ?rstly at the mirror-coated lens array and then strikes the cone prism of the planar waveguide. The prisms are coated by the dichroic mirrors to divide the solar spectrum into two bands. The low-energy band is transmitted and reaches the GaInAsP/GaInAs dual-junction solar cells. The mid-energy band is re?ected at the prism surface and coupled inside the waveguide. The exit port of the waveguide is attached with GaInP/GaAs dual-junction solar cells. The simulation results demonstrated a maximum electricity conversion e?ciency of 32.88% at the high con- centration ratio. The system thickness is 35 mm, which is as thin as the conventional ?at photovoltaic panel and system allow for a lateral sun-tracking mechanism. This is suitable for installation on the vehicle's roof. The results showed that the presented ?at CPV system is a new approach for a highly e?cient application of solar energy to the electrical vehicle.
关键词： Automotive application,Photovoltaic system,Flat concentrator photovoltaic (CPV),Lateral sun-tracking,Planar waveguide
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Performance, Limits, and Thermal Stress Analysis of High Concentrator Multijunction Solar Cell under Passive Cooling Conditions
摘要： Concentration of solar radiation onto the surface of triple-junction solar cells causes high cell temperature and system failure. Recently, several cooling methods were proposed for these systems. However, quantitative evaluation of the essential heat transfer coefficients to maintain stable operation of these systems at different meteorological and operating conditions is not found in the literature. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive three-dimensional coupled thermal and structural model is proposed for the latest triple-junction AZUR SPACE solar cell. The model is used to investigate the performance of an HCPV system under different solar concentration ratios (CRs), ambient temperature, direct solar irradiance, wind speed, backside heat transfer coefficient, and copper-II substrate area ratios. In addition, a new structure of the solar cell is proposed by modifying the typical solar cell assembly by changing the area of the rear copper layer. The results indicate that by increasing the ambient temperature, CR and direct solar irradiance significantly increase the predicted cell temperature at the same backside heat transfer coefficient. In addition, increasing copper-II substrate area ratios significantly reduces the average cell temperature at the same backside heat transfer coefficient and CR. At the highest backside heat transfer coefficient, when the copper-II substrate area increased, the cell temperature decreased to a certain limit and subsequently remained constant. Critical values of the highest backside heat transfer coefficient were about 200, 600, 1000, and 1600 W/m2 K at CRs of 50, 500, 1000, and 1500 Suns, respectively. In addition, at the highest backside heat transfer coefficient of 1600 W/m2 K, the critical area ratio values were about 2, 3, 4, and 6 at CRs of 50, 500, 1000, and 1500 Suns, respectively.
关键词： Passive cooling,Concentrator photovoltaic,Thermal stress,Triple-junction solar cell
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Theoretical Analysis of Hybrid Dense-Array Concentrator Photovoltaic and Stirling Engine System
摘要： In this paper, we analyse the performance of newly proposed hybrid dense-array concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) and gamma type low temperature differential (LTD) Stirling engine. Schmidt Analysis was applied to compute the performance of LTD Stirling engine while computational fluid dynamic was employed to simulate the heat transfer in the CPV receiver. The simulated result was subsequently used to determine the power conversion efficiency of the hybrid system. Three major parameters have been considered to optimize the overall system performance including water inlet temperature, water flow rate, and CPV surface temperature. In our theoretical analysis, the highest efficiency of the hybrid system ranging 37.8 - 38.0 % can be achieved at water inlet temperature of 90°C. It has shown significant improvement by producing 10.1 -10.7 % extra energy as compared to the efficiency of CPV system without waste heat recovery.
关键词： waste heat recovery,low temperature differential Stirling engine,Concentrator photovoltaic,conversion efficiency,Schmidt analysis,non-imaging dish concentrator
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Optimization Study of Parasitic Energy Losses in Photovoltaic System with Dual-Axis Solar Tracker Located at Different Latitudes
摘要： Despite the sun-tracking system maximising the annual yield of solar power generation, the inevitable parasitic energy losses from the sun-tracking mechanism related to range of motion should be considered. This paper presents a systematic approach to investigate the annual accumulated parasitic energy losses in photovoltaic (PV) or concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system installed in a dual-axis solar tracker located at various locations with latitudes ranging from 45°N to 45°S. This approach allows the engineers to evaluate and to optimize the PV/CPV system performance by determining the least parasitic energy loss in the cases of fixed and non-fixed stow positions. The results show that the solar tracker with non-fixed stow position always has lower annual accumulated parasitic energy losses as compared to that of fixed stow position located in different latitudes.
关键词： Concentrator photovoltaic system,Photovoltaic system,Dual-axis solar tracker,Azimuth-elevation tracking,General sun-tracking formula,Parasitic energy losses
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Design of Curved Fresnel Lens with High Performance Creating Competitive Price Concentrator Photovoltaic
摘要： In this paper, the design of a curved Fresnel lens applying to the concentrator photovoltaic system is proposed by using the edge ray theorem, the Snell’s law, and the conservation of optical path length. The new structure of the curved Fresnel lens can improve significantly the uniformity of sunlight distribution over the solar cell while the concentration ratio can reach a high value of 900 times. The good uniform distribution can be obtained by using the novel idea. The novel idea is based on the uniform sunlight distribution of every groove of the lens so that the whole lens also distributes uniformly the sunlight beam over the receiver. The structure of the lens is built by two surfaces: input surface (or upper surface) as a part of spherical surface and output surface (or lower surface) that consists all grooves of the lens. Matlab program is used to design the input and the output surfaces of the lens. The input surface and the output surface are independent to each other in construction in Matlab. LighttoolsTM software is used to optimize the structure of the novel lens. Furthermore, LighttoolsTM is also used to perform a simulation to examine the efficiency of the lens in concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system by using the light source with a wide spectrum of 380 – 1600 nm. The results show that the lens has an acceptance angle of 0.80 and good optical efficiency (>85%).
关键词： concentrator photovoltaic (CPV),Fresnel lens,solar energy,high concentration ratio,multi-junction solar cells,uniform irradiance distribution,CPV without secondary optical element (SOE)
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22