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The Additional Diagnostic Value of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Its Application Procedure in A Wide Variety of Avian Species
摘要： Objective: The current study introduced OCT as a novel tool in clinical veterinary ophthalmology in a much wider variety of free-living avian species than hitherto studied. Methods: OCT was tested and performed in 39 free-living birds (21 species of 12 families) and compared to direct ophthalmoscopy. Birds were examined with combinations of different restraints (manual restraint or fixation on a holding device) and different anaesthesia regimes (none, sedation, general anaesthesia). Inter- and intra-species specific variations of the general procedure, the restraint methods and the clinical findings were evaluated. Results: OCT was possible in all examined avian species (from 40 g up to 7720 g) and superseded direct ophthalmoscopy in quality and quantity of ophthalmological findings. All restraint methods enabled OCT examination, however combination of general anaesthesia and a holding device provided the most rapid and subjectively the least stressful examination technique. Stability, stress reduction, head angle and distance from the OCT device were important factors influencing volume scanning quality. Sixteen, out of 39 birds, presented ocular abnormalities detected by OCT (compared to only five birds when using direct ophthalmoscopy). OCT with included fundus images offered an objective assessment of retinal changes. Retinal abnormalities included changes of fundus pigmentation, drusenoid changes and severe retinal and choroidal degenerations. Species-specific variations of retinal layer dimensions and of foveal structures were evident. Conclusion: OCT is a promising, non-invasive method, which significantly compliments standard techniques. OCT is applicable to a wide variety of avian species; it provides high quality cross-sectional images of the retina, enabling accurate and improved diagnosis and prognosis of therapies. An assessment of the visual capabilities of traumatised birds is a major factor for their rehabilitation and survival in the wild. Finally, this method is an excellent tool in interdisciplinary retinal research, providing novel insights into the diversity of very specialized structural adaptations of avian retina.
关键词： Direct ophthalmoscopy,Raptor,Retina,Optical coherence tomography,Avian ophthalmology
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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High-Resolution Direct Ophthalmoscopy With an Unmodified iPhone X
摘要： There has been a steady decline in the amount of time dedicated to ophthalmology training in medical school, which leaves many physicians unable to perform adequate direct ophthalmoscopy. However, this is a useful clinical skill that allows the clinician to assess the red reflex, retina, and optic nerve. Visualization of the optic nerve is of particular interest to physicians of many specialties, and a host of abnormalities (including neovascularization, swelling, hemorrhages, and atrophy) can be seen there. To counter deteriorating ophthalmoscopy skills, dedicated devices have been produced that allow ophthalmoscopic examination in the clinic, ward, community, and emergency department. These perform well, but they are not available in all clinical care settings. However, smartphones seem to be ubiquitous in these settings. Direct smartphone ophthalmoscopy can be performed with the addition of a device using prisms or mirrors. Indirect smartphone ophthalmoscopy usually requires a condensing lens, which may not be available to nonophthalmologists in all clinical care settings. We report a technique that allows direct smartphone ophthalmoscopy using only an unmodified iPhone X (priced at $999) without any additional device or software.
关键词： iPhone X,optic nerve,direct ophthalmoscopy,ophthalmoscopy,smartphone
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01