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Core–Shell Palladium Telluride Quantum Dot-Hemethiolate Cytochrome Based Biosensor for Detecting Indinavir Drug
摘要： Indinavir is a first-generation HIV protease inhibitor anti-retroviral (ARV) drug. Due to interindividual differences in the rate of indinavir metabolism, clinicians and pharmacologists have expressed urgent need for sensor devices that will enable real time determination of appropriate dosage. In this study, an indinavir biosensor was developed by the functionalization of a cysteamine-modified gold (Cyst|Au) electrode with biocompatible core–shell 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA)-capped palladium telluride quantum dot (PdTeQD) and the heme-thiolate cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme. The PdTeQD was capped with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) to improve its reactivity, biocompatibility and thermal stability. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies revealed that the 3-MPA-PdTeQD particles formed core–shells with diameters of 4.7 nm. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments confirmed the formation of 3-MPA-PdTeQD by the presence of specific COOH and CH2 FTIR signature bands. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric analysis of the quantum dot, exhibited a broad characteristic band at ～320 nm, corresponding to a band gap energy (Eg) value of 3.87 eV, indicating that the QD is a semiconducting material. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses of the biosensor (i.e., CYP3A4|3-MPA-PdTeQD|Cyst|Au) indicated that 0.26 V was the suitable potential for measuring indinavir metabolism. The biosensor has a sensitivity, dynamic linear range (DLR) and limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.0218 μA/nM, 0.0004–0.01 nM (i.e., 3×10?7 ?7×10?6 mg L?1) and 0.023×10?7 mg L?1, respectively, for indinavir. The LOD value was lower than the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) value (0.13–8.6 mg L?1) of indinavir which is normally measure 8 h after intake. The low DLR value makes the biosensor suitable for application at point-of-care, where indinavir concentration is expected to be in ng L?1 level in physiological samples within a few minutes of the drug administration.
关键词： Cytochrome P450-3A4 Enzyme,Palladium Telluride Quantum Dot,Anti-Retroviral Drug,Indinavir,Electrochemical Biosensors,Drug Metabolism
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Detection of Tumor Marker Using ZnO@Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with Alkaline Phosphatase-Labelled Magnetic Beads
摘要： Magnetic bead-based electrochemical enzyme-linked immunoassay (MB-eElisa) represents an attractive approach to develop cost-effective systems that are suitable for sensing complex biological samples. Its sensitivity essentially depends on the transduction efficiency of enzyme catalytic reactions into electrochemical responses. Here, an ultrahigh signal-to-noise alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-based MB-eElisa system is developed with a renewable zinc oxide-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode (ZnO@rGO/CPE). This biosensing system employs one antibody decorated MBs (MB-Ab1) to capture a model tumor marker - carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - from samples, while other antibody coated gold nanoparticles-ALP bioconjugates (Ab2-AuNPs-ALP) convert 1-naphthyl phosphate (1-NPP) into electroactive 1-naphthol (1-NP). Beneficial from the unique electrochemical properties of a ZnO@rGO/CPE, inlcuding nearly zero background and significantly enhanced responses toward the hydrolyzed 1-NP in the presence of trace surfactants, the MB-eElisa system detects selectively CEA in a calibration range of 0.01-6.0 ng mL-1 and with a detection limit of 4.0 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3). Such a system was further applied to the detection of CEA in serum samples of cancer patients. The combination of MB-based ALP-linked immunoassay with a ZnO@rGO/CPE thus establishes a reusable and inexpensive electrochemical sensing platform for the rapid and sensitive detection of ultratrace biomarkers in complex biological samples.
关键词： Enzyme-linked immunoassay,Carcinoembryonic antigen,Alkaline phosphatase,Magnetic beads,Electrochemical biosensors
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04