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- 摘要
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- 实验方案
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Functionalization of fullerene by polyethylene glycol toward promoted electron transport in inverted polymer solar cells
摘要： A novel polyethylene glycol-functionalized fullerene derivative (C60-PEGA) was synthesized by a facile one-step nucleophilic addition reaction. C60-PEGA possessed good solubility in methanol and was estimated as C60-( C8H18N)13H13O with average PEG moiety of 13 by 1H NMR, FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. C60-PEGA was applied as an ETL to construct inverted bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (inverted BHJ-PSCs) based on photoactive layers of poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-co-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate]: [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7-Th: PC71BM), which achieve the best PCE of 9.25%, surpassing that of reference device based on the ZnO ETL (8.61%). The higher ETL performance of C60-PEGA ETL in BHJ-iPSC device relative to that of the ZnO ETL was attributed to the increase of electron mobility and effective electron transport from the active layer to the ITO cathode because that the reduced work function (WF) of ITO via the modification of C60-PEGA leads to the increase of short-circuit current density (Jsc) and consequent PCE.
关键词： polyethylene glycol (PEG),electron transport layers (ETLs),inverted polymer solar cells,work function,fullerene derivative
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Plasmonic gold nanorods mediated p-BFCrO/n-rGO heterojunction in realizing efficient ferroelectric photovoltaic devices
摘要： In this work, we introduce a chemically synthesised lead-free ferroelectric thin film 2% Cr doped BiFeO3 (BFCrO) for possible photovoltaic (PV) applications. The first set of PV devices were fabricated onto ITO/glass electrode by utilizing BFCrO as an active material and Pt as top electrode. The obtained ferroelectric and electrical results were systematically compared with the conventional BFO and the BFCrO device was found to be a potential one. To further enhance the PV performance, highly conducting n-type reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was heterogeneously employed as an electron transport layer (ETL) in between ITO and BFCrO. Surprisingly, the JSC was significantly improved by 1000 times along with amended VOC and FF as compared to the standalone BFCrO device. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to embed plasmonic Au nanorods (NRs) in between rGO and BFCrO, which alleviates the absorbance in heterojunction through localized surface plasmonic effect, ultimately offered remarkable PV performances than conventional BFO one. The Au NRs based BFCrO/rGO PV device exhibited an increased VOC and JSC of 0.63 V and 2.56 mA/cm2, respectively as compared to the BFCrO/rGO device with VOC (0.56 V) and JSC (1.54 mA/cm2). Effort was devoted to establish ferroelectricity in BFCrO and the effect of positive and negative polarizations on J-V measurements were observed in with or without Au NRs based devices. The modulation in charge transport with polarization field and improved photoresponse were explained by projecting a band diagram, which also provides a comprehensive understanding on the operation principle of the fabricated devices.
关键词： Ferroelectric polarization,Heterointerface,Photovoltaic effect,Electron transport layer,Plasmon resonance
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Cesium carbonate modified electron transport layer for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells
摘要： TiO2 is a commonly used material in the electron transport layers (ETLs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but its defects restrict the development of PSCs. In this study, cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) was used to modify the TiO2 ETLs because of its excellent electron injection ability. The new structure of the PSC was FTO/TiO2/Cs2CO3/perovskite (MAPbI3)/sprio-OMETAD/back electrode. As expected, adding Cs2CO3 increased the champion photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) from 9.2% to 12.8% in comparison with unmodified solar cells, and the device maintained 78% of the original efficiency after 250 h. Moreover, the reduction of defects in the TiO2 ETLs reduced the coincidence probability of carriers after modification with Cs2CO3. Due to the excellent electron injection ability of Cs2CO3, the modified ETLs yielded lower work functions and smaller energy level barriers, which makes the energy levels between the TiO2 ETL and the MAPbI3 layer well-matched, and reduced the carrier coincidence probability.
关键词： Cs2CO3,Perovskite solar cells,Electron transport layers,Interface modification
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Industrial Applications of Nanomaterials || Nanotechnology for biological photovoltaics; industrial applications of nanomaterials
摘要： This chapter describes the importance and use of nanotechnology for BPVs. Biological photovoltaics are solar energy conversion systems which are producing electricity based on the photosynthesis reaction takes place in thylakoid membrane. The process of collecting energy from BPV has been studied by the researchers to obtain highly efficient systems. For this reason, number of reports based on the BPVs, which focuses on direct and indirect electricity generation using soluble conductive mediators, has been published. Successful results reveal that these systems can convert sunlight into electricity, but there are some points to increase efficiency. The application of nanomaterials combined with BPV has shown tremendous improvement on the power output of BPV systems. Creating functional surfaces that “wiring” more biological components into the electrode was one of the first steps in nanotechnological advances to BPV systems. Large surface area according to the volume ratio makes anode and cathode electrodes more efficient in applications which is the another main improvement. The potential role of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube and graphene has been studied with BPV for small and large-scale applications, highlighting the importance and application of green energy production. The electron transport mechanism in cyanobacteria and algae is well known, and the transformation of the newly designed systems into the photovoltaic device by means of nanomaterials with the aid of nanomaterials in the conversion of light into energy has also been shown. The results show that nanotechnology improves the energy conversion rate of BPV systems. It is foreseen that energy exchange rates will increase further with nanomaterial applications and the studies will continue toward industrial applications.
关键词： Nanomaterials,Nanotechnology,Electron transport mechanism,Biological photovoltaics,Photosynthesis,Green energy
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Aged sol-gel solution-processed texture tin oxide for high-efficient perovskite solar cells
摘要： Mesoporous n–i–p perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) demonstrate attractive potentials for obtaining high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), by employing inorganic electron transport layers (ETLs). However, these ETLs composed of dual layers (a condense layer and a mesoporous layer) suffer composite process and high sintering temperature. Here, we demonstrate a simple and efficient process to improve the device performance of PeSCs by using a textured SnO2 film. Self-aged sol-gel SnO2 solution after spin coating results in a textured structure without sacrificing the surface coverage. Excellent light trapping ability is achieved by optimizing the aged time of sol-gel SnO2 solution, which mimics the evolution of conventional mesoporous layer. Such SnO2 textured structure provides a large contact area for rapid charge extraction, and alleviates interfacial recombination loss. Therefore, this PeSC yields an optimal PCE of 19%, which is prominent in state-of-the-art SnO2-based devices. These results indicate that one-step solution processed SnO2 with textured structure offers a simple and efficient way to improve the device performance of PeSCs without a complex process.
关键词： SnO2,electron transport layer,Perovskite solar cells,textured structure
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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High‐Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells via Precise Control of Electron Transport Layer
摘要： Flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) have attracted great attention due to their promising commercial prospects. However, the performance of f-PSCs is generally worse than that of their rigid counterparts. Herein, it is found that the unsatisfactory performance of planar heterojunction (PHJ) f-PSCs can be attributed to the undesirable morphology of electron transport layer (ETL), which results from the rough surface of the flexible substrate. Precise control over the thickness and morphology of ETL tin dioxide (SnO2) not only reduces the reflectance of the indium tin oxide (ITO) on polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN) substrate and enhances photon collection, but also decreases the trap-state densities of perovskite films and the charge transfer resistance, leading to a great enhancement of device performance. Consequently, the f-PSCs, with a structure of PEN/ITO/SnO2/perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag, exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 19.51% and a steady output of 19.01%. Furthermore, the f-PSCs show a robust bending resistance and maintain about 95% of initial PCE after 6000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 8 mm, and they present an outstanding long-term stability and retain about 90% of the initial performance after >1000 h storage in air (10% relative humidity) without encapsulation.
关键词： flexible perovskite solar cells,electron transport layer,stability
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Polyelectrolyte‐Doped SnO <sub/>2</sub> as a Tunable Electron Transport Layer for High‐Efficiency and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The charge transport layer is crucial to the performance and stability of the perovskite solar cells. Compared with other conventional metal oxide electron transport materials, SnO2 has a deeper conduction band and higher electron mobility, and can efficiently serve as an electron transport layer to facilitate charge extraction and transfer. In this study, we have reported an optimized low temperature solution processed SnO2 electron transport layer by doping PEIE polyelectrolyte into SnO2 for the first time in the perovskite solar cells. It was found that the performance of all aspects of the doped SnO2 film was improved than that of the pristine SnO2 film. The better energy level alignment, larger built-in field, enhanced electron transfer/extraction, and reduced charge recombination all contribute to the improved device performance. Finally, a perovskite solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 20.61 % was successfully prepared under low temperature below 150 oC. Moreover, the stability of the doped SnO2-based device was also greatly improved.
关键词： doping,perovskite solar cells,PEIE,SnO2,electron transport layer
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Energy-band alignment and charge balance of electron transport layer with quinary Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O nanoparticles in InP-based quantum dot light emitting diodes
摘要： Quinary Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O nanoparticles were synthesized for the electron transport layer (ETL) of green InP-based quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs) to achieve band alignment and charge balance. These nanoparticles were synthesized by simple hydrolysis reactions in the solution phase. The band gap of Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O increased to 3.85 eV, which exceeded that of ZnO by 0.3 eV. The energy gap between the conduction bands of Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O and InP-based quantum dots changed from 0.78 eV to ?0.17 eV. Electron transport in green InP-based QLEDs was reduced, and the charge balance was improved by Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O compared with that by ZnO and Zn-Mg-O. Green InP-based QLEDs with a Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O ETL exhibited a maximum luminance of 3270 cd/m2. The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) and power efficiency of the QLEDs with a Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O ETL were 3.8% and 19.6 lm/W, respectively, which were 9.5 times and 9.24 times higher than those of the QLEDs with a ZnO ETL. The maximum EQE and power efficiency were achieved at 2.5 V and 170 cd/m2.
关键词： electron transport layer,InP,light emitting diodes,Quantum dots
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Low-temperature Synthesized Nba??doped TiO <sub/>2</sub> Electron Transport Layer enabling High-efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells by Band Alignment Tuning
摘要： An Nb-doped TiO2 (Nb-TiO2) film comprising a double structure stacked with a bottom compact layer and top mesoporous layers was synthesized by treating a Ti precursor-coated substrate using a one-step low-temperature steam-annealing (SA) method. SA-based Nb-TiO2 films possess high crystallinity and conductivity, and that allows better control over the conduction band (CB) of the TiO2 for electron transport layer (ETL) of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by the Nb doping level. Optimization of power conversion efficiency (PCE) for the Nb-TiO2 based ETL was combined with CB level tuning of the mixed-halide perovskite by changing the Br/I ratio. This band offset management enabled to establish the most suitable energy levels between ETL and perovskites. This method was applied to reduce the bandgap of perovskite to enhance photocurrent density while maintaining a high open-circuit voltage. As a result, the optimal combination of 5 mol% Nb-TiO2 ETL and 10 mol%-Br in the mixed-halide perovskite exhibited high photovoltaic performance for low-temperature device fabrication, achieving a high yield PCE of 21.3%.
关键词： low-temperature process,solvent-free hydrothermal synthesis,electron transport layer,steam-annealing method,Perovskite solar cell,niobium-doped TiO2
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Low Temperaturea??Processed Zr/F Coa??Doped SnO <sub/>2</sub> Electron Transport Layer for Higha??Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The energy band position and conductivity of electron transport layers (ETLs) are essential factors that restrict the efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells (p-PSCs). Tin oxide (SnO2) has become a primary material in ETLs due to its mild synthesis condition, but its low conduction band position and limited intrinsic carriers are disadvantageous in electron transport. To solve these problems, this work exquisitely designs a Zr/F co-doped SnO2 ETL. The doping of Zr can raise the conduction band of SnO2, which reduces the energy barrier in electron extraction and inhibits the interface recombination between the ETL and perovskite. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) of p-PSCs consequently increases. F? doping belongs to n-type doping. Thus, it equips SnO2 with a large number of free electrons and improves the conductivity of the ETL and short-circuit current (JSC). The device based on Zr/F co-doped ETL achieves a high efficiency of 19.19% and exhibits a reduced hysteresis effect, which is more satisfactory than that of a pristine device (17.35%). Overall, our research successfully adjusts the energy band match and boosts the conductivity of ETL via Zr/F co-doping. The results provide an effective strategy for fabricating high-efficiency p-PSCs.
关键词： electron transport layer,Zr/F co-doping,energy level match,planar perovskite solar cell,tin oxide (SnO2)
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59