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A Long π-Conjugated Poly-para-Phenylene-Based Polymeric Segment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
摘要： Conjugated polymers have attracted much attention for many years and have applications in various organic devices. Carbon nanotubes can be considered as all-carbon tube-shaped conjugated polymers containing only sp2-bonded atoms, which play an important role in nanotechnology and nanoelectronics. So far, no study has reported the realization of long π-conjugated polymers as diameter-specified carbon nanotube segments. Herein, we report the first synthesis of a π-conjugated polymeric segment (PS1) of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). PS1 is achieved by a rationally designed synthesis of a bifunctionalized cyclo-para-phenylene monomer, followed by inserting these ring-shaped units into the conjugated poly-para-phenylene backbone. PS1 was fully characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) combined with NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectra. Possessing unique structural and physical properties, this long π-extended polymer PS1 can provide new insight for the development of bottom-up syntheses of uniform carbon nanotube segments and potential applications in electron- and hole-transport devices.
关键词： electron-transport devices,bottom-up synthesis,poly-para-phenylene,carbon nanotubes,π-conjugated polymers,hole-transport devices
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Optimization of the electron transport in quantum dot light-emitting diodes by codoping ZnO with gallium (Ga) and magnesium (Mg)
摘要： In our study, to optimize the electron–hole balance through controlling the electron transport layer (ETL) in the QD-LEDs, four materials (ZnO, ZnGaO, ZnMgO, and ZnGaMgO NPs) were synthesized and applied to the QD-LEDs as ETLs. By doping ZnO NPs with Ga, the electrons easily inject due to the increased Fermi level of ZnO NPs, and as Mg is further doped, the valence band maximum (VBM) of ZnO NPs deepens and blocks the holes more e?ciently. Also, at the interface of QD/ETLs, Mg reduces non-radiative recombination by reducing oxygen vacancy defects on the surface of ZnO NPs. As a result, the maximum luminance (Lmax) and maximum luminance e?ciency (LEmax) of QD-LEDs based on ZnGaMgO NPs reached 43 440 cd m?2 and 15.4 cd A?1. These results increased by 34%, 10% and 27% for the Lmax and 450%, 88%, and 208% for the LEmax when compared with ZnO, ZnGaO, and ZnMgO NPs as ETLs.
关键词： electron transport layer,ZnO nanoparticles,quantum dot light-emitting diodes,Ga-Mg codoping,electron-hole balance
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Highly stable and efficient planar perovskite solar cells using ternary metal oxide electron transport layers
摘要： In planar perovskite solar cells, the electron transport layer (ETL) plays a vital role in effective extraction and transportation of photogenerated electrons from the perovskite layer to the cathode. Ternary metal oxides exhibit excellent potentials as ETLs since their electrical and optical properties are attunable through simple compositional adjustments. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc tin oxide (ZTO) films as highly efficient ETLs for perovskite solar cells. We observe poor compatibility between ZnO and perovskite which impedes device reproducibility, stability, and performance unlike ZTO ETL devices. Furthermore, we modify the ZTO/perovskite interface by introducing a thin passivating SnO2 interlayer. The Zn1Sn1Ox/SnO2 ETL device demonstrates paramount power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.01% with corresponding short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) values of 21.93 mA cm?2, 1.10 V, and 78.82%. Moreover, the Zn1Sn1Ox/SnO2 ETL device displays superior stability, maintaining 90% of its initial PCE after 90 days in the absence of encapsulation at relative humidity of 30–40%. Enhancement in charge extraction, favourable energy alignment, and reduction in recombination sites greatly contribute to the optimal performance, stability, and reproducibility of the Zn1Sn1Ox/SnO2 ETL device.
关键词： Photovoltaic performance,Zinc tin oxide,Electron transport layer,Perovskite solar cells,Long-term stability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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A facile strategy for enhanced performance of inverted organic solar cells based on low-temperature solution-processed SnO2 electron transport layer
摘要： High-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) based on low-temperature (LT) processed SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) are promising for their commercial use. However, high density of traps and large contact barrier for carriers at the interface between LT SnO2 and the active layer has been reported. To solve the problem, various interface modifying layer materials, such as PFN, has been introduced. Currently, the fabrication process of such interface modifying layer materials is complex and expensive. Herein, a facile strategy involved a polar solvent ethanolamine (EA) is introduced to modify LT SnO2 surface. By soaking the SnO2 film into EA solution in 2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME), EA can easily anchor into SnO2 film surface and forms a continuous monomolecular layer via dehydration reaction. The whole process is green and highly compatible with a roll-to-roll process. Further study suggests that the deep trap centers on SnO2 surface are substantially reduced and the built-in potential in OSCs is reinforced. Finally, OSCs based on EA-modified SnO2 demonstrated an enhanced power conversion efficiency from 10.71% to 12.45% which was comparable to those based on ZnO (12.26%) under the same experiment parameters. Our work boosts the development of the inverted OSCs with easy fabrication and compatibility with roll-to-roll process.
关键词： SnO2,Ethanolamine,organic solar cells,Electron transport layer
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Room-Temperature-Processed Amorphous Sn-In-O Electron Transport Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： We report amorphous tin-indium-oxide (TIO, Sn fraction: >50 atomic percentage (at%)) thin films as a new electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). TIO thin films with Sn fraction of 52, 77, 83, 92, and 100 at% were grown on crystalline indium-tin-oxide (ITO, Sn fraction: ~10 at%) thin films, a common transparent conducting oxide, by co-sputtering In2O3 and SnO2 at room temperature. The energy band structures of the amorphous TIO thin films were determined from the optical absorbance and the ultraviolet photoelectron spectra. All the examined compositions are characterized by a conduction band edge lying between that of ITO and that of perovskite (here, methylammonium lead triiodide), indicating that TIO is a potentially viable ETL of PSCs. The photovoltaic characteristics of the TIO-based PSCs were evaluated. Owing mainly to the highest fill factor and open circuit voltage, the optimal power conversion efficiency was obtained for the 77 at%-Sn TIO ETL with TiCl4 treatment. The fill factor and the open circuit voltage changes with varying the Sn fraction, despite similar conduction band edges. We attribute these differences to the considerable changes in the electrical resistivity of the TIO ETL. This would have a significant effect on the shunt and/or the series resistances. The TIO ETL can be continuously grown on an ITO TCO in a chamber, as ITO and TIO are composed of identical elements, which would help to reduce production time and costs.
关键词： perovskite solar cell,electron transport layer,electrical property,tin-indium-oxide,band structure,room temperature
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Stability enhancement of inverted perovskite solar cells using LiF in electron transport layer
摘要： Stability is of great importance to the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Interface materials are crucial to achieve stable PVSCs. Herein, we report on a strategy of incorporating lithium fluoride (LiF) as part of the buffer layer in inverted PVSCs to suppress the decomposition of perovskite layer and eliminate the corresponding negative effects. The device with C60/LiF buffer layer maintains 87% of its initial efficiency after aging in N2 for 26 days, exhibiting much improved stability compared to the control device with C60/BCP. Our work suggests a viable approach to enhance the device stability for the commercialization of PVSCs.
关键词： Perovskite solar cells,Electron transport layer,Lithium fluoride,Buffer layer,Stability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Effect of tantalum doping on SnO <sub/>2</sub> electron transport layer via low temperature process for perovskite solar cells
摘要： The electron transport layer (ETL) plays an important role in determining the device performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Recently, SnO2 has been used extensively as an ETL due to its many outstanding optoelectronic properties. Herein, we develop Ta doped SnO2 (Ta-SnO2) as an ETL grown by chemical bath deposition, allowing the fabrication of low-temperature PSCs. In contrast to pristine SnO2, the I-V curve and transmittance spectra show a signi?cant conductivity improvement of Ta-SnO2 without declining the light transmittance property. Meanwhile, Ta-doping could accelerate the electron transfer and decrease the recombination probability at the SnO2/perovskite interface, as well as passivate the electron traps, leading to the improvement in the PSC performance. Through a series of optimization methods, the champion device shows a power conversion ef?ciency of 20.80%, with an open-circuit voltage of 1.161 V, a short-circuit current density of 22.79 mA/cm2, and a ?ll factor of 0.786. SnO2 with a suitable Ta content is a promising candidate as an ETL for fabricating high-ef?ciency PSCs via the low-temperature process.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,Ta doping,SnO2,electron transport layer,low-temperature process
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Facile RbBr interface modification improves perovskite solar cell efficiency
摘要： High-performance hybrid perovskite solar cell (PSC) is an emerging generation of energy material by virtue of its excellent properties such as wide light absorption range, large electron diffusion length, and small exciting energy. However, to date, methods of perovskite deposition generally do not offer desired film coverage, resulting in the direct interfacial contact, which seriously deteriorates the photovoltaic performance of devices. To improve the interfacial functions of the perovskite layer (PL)/electron transport layer (ETL) of the PSC devices, rubidium bromide (RbBr) is applied as a facile interfacial modifier. It is sandwiched between ETL tin oxide (SnO2) and PL [Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0$83Br0.17)3] to a fabricate a planar PSC. The RbBr modification of the PSC fluorine-doped tin oxide/SnO2/(RbBr)/PL/spiro-OMeTAD/Au (2,20,7,70-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,90-spiro-bifluorene) can reduce the energy barrier at the ETL/PL interface, improve the electronic contact between PL and ETL, and accelerate the electron extraction process. The RbBr modification thus leads to a higher power conversion efficiency of 18.29% for the PSC, as compared with 16.03% without RbBr modification. The facile RbBr modification procedure and significant performance advancement pave the way for future energy studies.
关键词： RbBr,Perovskite solar cell,Electron transport,Interface modification
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) - Kanpur, India (2019.7.6-2019.7.8)] 2019 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) - An organic-inorganic solar cell with graphene as an electron transport layer: an approach to increase the carrier collection efficiency
摘要： Methyl-Ammonium lead halide based solar cell has shown a tremendous approach to fulfill the energy crisis on the earth for its high efficiency and low manufacturing cost. While there are some other materials which influence the execution of Perovskite sunlight based cell, these materials are nothing but the electron as well as hole transport materials. In this article the behavior and performances of electron transport materials are mostly focused which generally increase the proficiency of Perovskite solar cell by simultaneously increasing the open circuit voltage and short circuit current. The role of graphene as an electron transport material is mainly discussed and also compared with some other metal oxide electron transport material as well as organic-based electron transport material. As keeping graphene as an electron transport material the predicted results of Perovskite solar cell are as follows: - maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 23.42%, short-circuit-current-densit=3.25A/m2,open-circuit-voltage=0.86v,fill factor=0.83au. So graphene-based electron transport material can be the entry for the improvement of Perovskite solar cell.
关键词： electron transport materials,fill factor,efficiency,open circuit voltage,graphene,Perovskite solar cell,short-circuit current density
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Electronic–Electromagnetic Multiphysics Modeling for Terahertz Plasmonics: A Review
摘要： In this article, we review numerical and analytical methods of electronic–electromagnetic multiphysics modeling for terahertz plasmonic applications. Approaches within semiclassical regime of electronic transport are considered, as these are appropriate for examining plasma-wave phenomenology in 2-D electron gas systems, commonly found in high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) and graphene sheets. In modeling of such electronic–plasmonic devices, coupling of incident electromagnetic wave to the device or emission from the device needs to be modeled. Therefore, electronic–electromagnetic coupled multiphysics multiscale models are required. In such modeling problems, the domain consists of large regions where electrodynamic equations are to be solved. Therefore, overall time efficiency relies on the speed of solution of electrodynamic equations. Nevertheless, the electrodynamic solution’s speed is limited by the smallest grid sizes, which are a function of electronic transport equations. To address these issues, unconditionally stable finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and iterative alternating directional implicit (ADI)-FDTD methods, coupled with hydrodynamic equations, are reviewed. Advantages and compromises between FDTD, ADI-FDTD, and iterative ADI-FDTD-based global modeling are discussed and conclusions are summarized.
关键词： electronic,numerical modeling,electron transport,terahertz (THz),FDTD,multiphysics,plasmonic,Alternating directional implicit finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD),multiscale modeling,hydrodynamic (HD),plasma wave,electromagnetic
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52