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Effect of Na2S soaking on the properties of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 films and solar cells
摘要： In this paper, we propose a Na2S soaking process (used as post-treatment process for the precursor films) for the non-vacuum prepared Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) films. The CZTSSe film prepared without this process show triple-layer structure in which fine-grain layer and obvious layer-boundaries exist. By soaking the precursor film in Na2S aqueous solution with suitable concentration, the fine-grain layer in the triple-layer structure is substituted by a small-grain layer and the layer-boundaries become continuous. We find the quantum efficiencies of the solar cells in long wavelength region are improved by the Na2S soaking. Therefore, the short-circuit currents of the solar cells are significantly increased. By using the Na2S soaking process, CZTSSe solar cells with the best efficiency of 11.5% have been prepared.
关键词： Solar cell,Thin films,Cu2Zn(S,Se)4,Energy storage and conversion
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Structural and dielectric properties of sol–gel derived Ba<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Sr<sub><i>x</i></sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.5) ceramics for energy storage applications
摘要： Barium strontium titanate (Ba1–xSrxTiO3, BSTO: x = 0, 0.3 and 0.5) ceramics were prepared by sintering sol–gel derived BSTO powders at 1350 °C for 2 h. Average grain size of BSTO ceramics decreased from 15 to 2 μm with increasing Sr molar fraction. X-ray structural analysis revealed that BSTO ceramics exhibited tetragonal structure (x = 0 and 0.3) and transformed into cubic structure at high Sr molar fraction (x = 0.5) at room temperature. Dielectric constant of the BSTO ceramics was measured between ?60 and 180 °C and frequency range of 1–100 kHz. Temperature transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric phase (Curie temperature: TC) decreased linearly from 125 to ?30 °C as Sr molar fraction increased. The dielectric constant exhibited frequency-independent behavior in the frequency range investigated. A diffuse dielectric constant peak was evident for BSTO with Sr molar fraction of 0.5 due to the effect of fine-grained size. Polarization–electric field (P–E) at room temperature presented a well-defined hysteresis loop for BSTO (x = 0 and 0.3), indicating their ferroelectric characteristics. At a high Sr molar fraction of 0.5, the P–E loop became a linear relation, indicating a paraelectric phase. Energy storage density of BSTO with x = 0 was about 0.2 J/cm3; however, energy storage efficiency was less than 50%. After doping with Sr molar fraction of 0.5, energy storage density decreased to 0.1 J/cm3 but its energy storage efficiency significantly improved to 90%.
关键词： sol-gel method,dielectric,energy storage capacitors,barium strontium titanate
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Growth Temperature and Electrochemical Performance in Vapor-Deposited Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Thin Films for High-Rate Electrochemical Energy Storage
摘要： Poly(ethylene 3,4-dioxythiophene (PEDOT) ?lms synthesized by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) display strong electrochemical activity in the region from 2 to 4.2 V vs Li/Li+. By contrast, the more commonly studied PEDOT:polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) ?lms have negligible electrochemical activity in this region. For the oCVD ?lms, its small dopant anions (Cl?) that can easily enter and exit the polymer structure allow exchange with the Li+ counterion in solution, while for PEDOT:PSS, the poly(styrenesulfonate) dopant is a large macromolecule having substantially lower mobility. Here, we seek to elucidate the relationship between the structural characteristics of oCVD PEDOT thin ?lms and their electrochemical properties, particularly in Li-ion electrolyte systems. Speci?cally, we seek to rationally design the thin-?lm properties of oCVD PEDOT for high-rate performance and cycle life by varying the ?lm growth temperature. We observe that the dominant e?ect of increasing growth temperature is an in situ reorganization to an edge-on ?lm texture. In this case, the π?π stack is perpendicular to the substrate surface. The alternative dominant texture is face-on dominance, where the π?π stack is parallel to the substrate surface. For the ?rst time, we show that edge-on dominant ?lms provide higher speci?c capacities for a given charge/discharge rate. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that edge-on dominant ?lms are less susceptible to oxidative damage after long-term cycling. This also enables edge-on dominant ?lms to maintain lower charge-transfer resistances compared to identically cycled face-on ?lms. Edge-on oCVD PEDOT is paired with molybdenum disul?de to demonstrate thick, optimized oCVD PEDOT thin ?lms in asymmetric devices for high-rate electrochemical energy storage.
关键词： electrochemical doping,oCVD,electrochemical energy storage,PEDOT,high-rate performance,conductive polymer
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Effect of Mn-doping on dielectric and energy storage properties of (Pb0.91La0.06)(Zr0.96Ti0.04)O3 antiferroelectric ceramics
摘要： Bulk ceramics with high recoverable energy density (Wre) and energy efficiency (h ) play a critical role in the development of pulsed power systems for miniaturization and lightweight. The orthorhombic phase (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3-based antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramics have been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for pulsed power system applications due to their relatively high energy storage density and efficiency. However, the main drawback of orthorhombic phase (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3-based AFE ceramics is relatively low dielectric breakdown strengthen (DBS), which has always restricted the improvement of energy storage density. In this study, an effectively method to increase DBS by the introduction of Mn has been proposed. The relative density of orthorhombic phase (Pb0.91La0.06)(Zr0.96Ti0.04)O3 (PLZT) ceramics was improved by Mn-doping. And the introduction of Mn can decrease the tolerance factor (t) of PLZT ceramics because the radius of Mn2+ is larger than that of B-site Zr4+/Ti4+, and thus enhancing antiferroelectricity. Meanwhile, the effects of Mn-doping on the phase structure, microstructure and dielectric properties of PLZT ceramics have been studied thoroughly in this study. It is found that the highest Wre of 7.65 J/cm3 is obtained at 1.0 mol% Mn-doped PLZT ceramic, which is obviously larger than that of undoped PLZT ceramic (5.71 J/cm3). These results suggest that the Mn-doped PLZT ceramics are potential energy storage materials in pulsed power systems.
关键词： Antiferroelectric ceramics,Energy storage performance,Mn-doping
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Consensus Based Distributed Control for Photovoltaic-Battery Units in a DC Microgrid
摘要： In this paper, a distributed cooperative control scheme, considering the State of Charge (SoC) balance and power limits of Battery Storage Units (BSUs) in the consensus protocol, is proposed to achieve average bus voltage consensus in a DC microgrid with photovoltaics (PVs). The state variable defined in the consensus protocol enables all BSUs to charge or discharge together without introducing circulating currents among BSUs. Furthermore, by incorporating power limits of BSUs in the defined state variable, power violation of the BSUs can be prevented. The consensus-based distributed control only utilizes neighbor-to-neighbor communication to realize the global consensus and thus avoids the single point of failure compared to the conventional centralized control. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in an islanded DC microgrid under different testing scenarios.
关键词： microgrid,PV,energy storage,distributed control,Consensus
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Thermodynamic efficiency comparison between thermal and electric storage for photovoltaic-driven chilling system
摘要： Faced with the ever-increasing pressures from climate change and environmental pollution, stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) power generation is promising in providing electricity to the air conditioners. However, the solar energy is usually susceptible to the weather changes, making the power supply unreliable. To mitigate the e?ects caused by the solar intermittency, additional energy storage bu?er is necessary. In this paper, stand-alone PV chilling systems with water tank thermal energy storage (TES) and battery electric energy storage (EES) strategies are quantitatively compared by evaluating the thermodynamic e?ciency, respectively. A chiller model is ?rstly built, based on which the initial steady states are derived. Secondly, the EES and TES system models are built based on the compressor speed control strategy and refrigeration cycle model. The resulting chilled water temperature ?uctuation curves in TES and EES PV chillers are subsequently obtained. Quantitative comparative results in this paper are threefold. i) The average chilled water temperature of the TES strategy is 11.08% lower than that in the EES strategy; ii) The average cooling energy amount stored in the TES strategy is 43.6% larger than that in the EES strategy, indicating that the chilled water tank has a better energy storage potential in the given PV chiller system; iii) The water volume of TES is optimized to derive the maximum cooling energy storage rate which is 76.92% larger than that in the EES system.
关键词： Chilling system,Thermal energy storage,Electrical energy storage,Solar energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Tm-Doping Concentration Influence on Tm:GGAG Lasing and Tenability at 2 ??m Spectral Region
摘要： Smart-fabric interactive-textile systems offer exciting new possibilities, provided that they exhibit sufficient robustness and autonomy to be reliably deployed in critical applications. Textile multiantenna systems, unobtrusively integrated in a professional garment, are key components of such systems, as they set up energy-efficient and stable wireless body-centric communication links. Yet, their functionality may be further extended by exploiting their surface as energy-harvesting platform. Different state-of-the-art energy harvesters are suitable for compact integration onto a textile antenna. We demonstrate this by integrating a power management system, together with multiple diverse scavenging transducers and a storage module, on a well-chosen textile antenna topology. We provide guidelines to ensure that the additional hardware does not affect the textile antenna’s performance. Simultaneous scavenging from different energy sources significantly increases the autonomy of a wearable system, in the meanwhile reducing battery size.
关键词： smart fabrics,Energy harvesting,energy storage,textile antenna,interactive textiles,wearable antenna,energy management
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Control methodology and implementation of a Z-source inverter for a stand-alone photovoltaic-diesel generator-energy storage system microgrid
摘要： This paper deals with the control and implementation of a bidirectional Z-source inverter for a photovoltaic-diesel generator-energy storage hybrid system. The proposed control strategy is based on the voltage regulation across one of the Z-network capacitor (Vcz), through a buck-boost converter of the storage system side. In some critical situations, where the load power is important, the Vcz voltage regulation is no longer able to ensure the duration of the necessary state shoot-through for the maximum power point tracking achievement. In this context, the diesel generator can therefore be solicited to ensure the shoot-through duration and achieve maximum power point tracking so that it can be used more advantageously without any harmful e?ects on the Z-source inverter operation. The e?ectiveness of the proposed control strategy is evaluated and validated by extensive simulations and experiments.
关键词： Energy maximum power point tracking (MPPT),Hybrid system,Microgrid,Photovoltaic generator,Z-source inverter,Diesel generator,Energy storage system
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Sizing and operation of hybrid energy storage systems to perform ramp-rate control in PV power plants
摘要： This paper proposes a methodology for optimal sizing of a Hybrid (battery and ultracapacitors) Energy Storage system for ramp-rate control in PV plants. Frequency stability events can appear in power systems high non-dispatchable renewable energy generation due to sharp power output fluctuations. This has caused TSOs in several countries to require PV and wind plants to implement some method for limiting the pace at which the power injection to the grid is allowed to vary (ramp-rate control). Due to its quick response, properly controlled energy storage consisting of batteries and ultracapacitors can perform this task by dampening quick increases/decreases in the power injection to the grid by absorbing/injecting power at the point of common coupling. In this work, a techno-economic model is presented that can be used to calculate the Net Present Cost over the project life of different energy storage devices used for ramp-rate control by simulating their operation. A real case is studied for a PV power plant is presented. Results are reported comparing different configurations of the energy storage system.
关键词： Ramp-rate control,Ultracapacitors,Hybrid energy storage systems,Batteries,Renewable energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Multifunctional behavior of Ca-doped niobium-based double perovskite for photovoltaic/solar cell devices
摘要： Smart materials of oxide ceramics are usually in the form of single- or polycrystalline. The present ceramic belongs to the polycrystalline compound of Pb1.5Ca0.5BiNbO6 which has a double perovskite structure with the general form of A1.5A′0.5BB′O6. For synthesis and characterization of the sample, a solid solution casting method, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrography, Infra-red spectroscopy, etc., have been utilized. Different characterization reveals that the material has a higher value of room-temperature dielectric constant remnant polarization useful for energy storage devices. Optical equities of the ceramic were further analysed by UV–Vis and PL spectroscopy analysis which reveals that the material can be useful for energy harvesting devices like photovoltaic/solar cells. The estimated thermistor parameter suggests that the material can also be useful for thermal sensor devices.
关键词： Photovoltaic/solar cell devices,Energy storage devices,Ca-doped niobium-based double perovskite,Multifunctional behavior,Thermal sensor devices
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57