- 标题
- 摘要
- 关键词
- 实验方案
- 产品
-
A Sensing Peak Identification Method for Fiber Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometric Refractive Index Sensing
摘要： Chronic liver disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The most common causes of liver disease include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic hepatitis C virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Through a discussion of various surveillance methods as well as their strengths and weaknesses, we review the epidemiology, risk factors, and natural history of each of these diseases and discuss prevention measures that have been effective in decreasing incidence rates.
关键词： Epidemiology,Hepatitis c,Liver diseases,Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,Prevalence,Incidence,Hepatitis b,Alcoholic
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
-
On the Synergistic Use of Optical and SAR Time-Series Satellite Data for Small Mammal Disease Host Mapping
摘要： (1) Background: Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), a highly pathogenic parasitic tapeworm, is responsible for a significant burden of human disease. In this study, optical and time-series Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is used synergistically to model key land cover characteristics driving the spatial distributions of two small mammal intermediate host species, Ellobius tancrei and Microtus gregalis, which facilitate Em transmission in a highly endemic area of Kyrgyzstan. (2) Methods: A series of land cover maps are derived from (a) single-date Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery, (b) time-series Sentinel-1 SAR data, and (c) Landsat OLI and time-series Sentinel-1 SAR data in combination. Small mammal distributions are analyzed in relation to the surrounding land cover class coverage using random forests, before being applied predictively over broader areas. A comparison of models derived from the three land cover maps are made, assessing their potential for use in cloud-prone areas. (3) Results: Classification accuracies demonstrated the combined OLI-SAR classification to be of highest accuracy, with the single-date OLI and time-series SAR derived classifications of equivalent quality. Random forest analysis identified statistically significant positive relationships between E. tancrei density and agricultural land, and between M. gregalis density and water and bushes. Predictive application of random forest models identified hotspots of high relative density of E. tancrei and M. gregalis across the broader study area. (4) Conclusions: This offers valuable information to improve the targeting of limited-resource disease control activities to disrupt disease transmission in this area. Time-series SAR derived land cover maps are shown to be of equivalent quality to those generated from single-date optical imagery, which enables application of these methods in cloud-affected areas where, previously, this was not possible due to the sparsity of cloud-free optical imagery.
关键词： Echinococcus multilocularis,random forests,spatial epidemiology,SAR,land cover,Ellobius tancrei,Microtus gregalis,time-series,Sentinel
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
-
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measures and Cognitive Function in the EPIC-Norfolk Cohort Study
摘要： PURPOSE. We examined the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and cognitive function in a population of older British adults. METHODS. Participants of the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) Norfolk cohort study underwent ophthalmic and cognitive assessment. Measurements of RNFL thickness were made using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT). Cognitive testing included a short form of the Mini-Mental State Examination (SF-MMSE), an animal naming task, a letter cancellation task, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), the National Adult Reading Test (NART), and the Paired Associates Learning Test. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess associations of RNFL thickness with cognitive test scores, adjusted for age, sex, education level, social class, visual acuity, axial length, and history of cataract surgery. RESULTS. Data were available from 5563 participants with a mean age of 67 years. A thicker HRT-derived RNFL thickness was associated with better scores for the SF-MMSE (0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], [0.02, 0.10], P ? 0.005), HVLT (0.16, 95% CI [0.03, 0.29]; P ? 0.014), and NART ((cid:2)0.24, 95% CI [(cid:2)0.46, (cid:2)0.02], P ? 0.035). The associations of RNFL thickness with SF-MMSE and HVLT remained significant following further adjustment for NART. CONCLUSIONS. We found a significant association between HRT-derived RNFL thickness and scores from cognitive tests assessing global function, recognition, learning, episodic memory, and premorbid intelligence. However, the associations were weak and not currently of predictive value. Further research is required to confirm and clarify the nature of these associations, and identify biological mechanisms.
关键词： epidemiology,retina,cognition,optic disk,biological markers
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
-
The preliminary validation of laser Doppler flowmetry in systemic sclerosis in accordance with the OMERACT filter: A systematic review
摘要： Objectives: To investigate the validation status of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) according to the ‘Outcome Measures in Rheumatologic Clinical Trials’ (OMERACT) filter. Methods: The literature was systematically reviewed to identify all reports assessing the microcirculatory flow in SSc patients. The OMERACT filter (cid:1)including the domains of truth, discrimination and feasibility(cid:1) was applied and a quality assessment was done by the ‘Good Methods Checklist’. To ease the comparison between studies the results were grouped per dynamic test situation: basal, cold/heat challenge and occlusion. Results: The literature search resulted in 4332 hits. Based on title and abstract screening 243 hits were retained and of these, 52 full texts described an assessment by LDF in SSc patients. Finally, 18 studies passed the quality assessment and form the object of this review. The review reveals that expert consensus is lacking on the face and content validity of LDF in SSc. The construct validity of LDF, on the other hand is partially validated. Conflicting results exist on the discriminant capacity of LDF in distinguishing healthy from diseased patients, primary from secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon and in differentiating between disease subsets. Yet, complementing an LDF-measurement with a heat challenge, as well as the evaluation of the post-occlusive hyperaemic response, has the potential to elicit a difference between healthy and diseased patients. Lastly, data on the feasibility of LDF in SSc is lacking in the identified literature. Conclusion: This systematic review emphasizes the very preliminary validation status of LDF in the assessment of the microcirculatory flow in SSc.
关键词： OMERACT,Validity (epidemiology),Microcirculation,Outcome measure,Systemic scleroderma,Laser Doppler flowmetry
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
-
Comparison of Common Retinal Vessel Caliber Measurement Software and a Conversion Algorithm
摘要： Purpose: To compare three commonly used retinal vessel caliber measurement software systems, and propose an algorithm for conversion between measurement systems. Methods: We used 120 retinal photographs to evaluate the agreement between three commonly used software (Retinal Analysis [RA], Integrative Vessel Analysis [IVAN], and Singapore I Vessel Assessment [SIVA]). Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate agreement of retinal arteriolar (central retinal artery equivalent, CRAE) and venular (central retinal vein equivalent, CRVE) calibers. Pearson’s correlation was used to assess the associations between systemic factors and retinal vessel calibers, and Z-test was used to compare the strength of the correlation coefficients across the three software systems. An algorithm was created to convert measurements, with paired t-test performed to evaluate the differences between SIVA-measured retinal calibers and SIVA-approximates converted from RA- and IVAN-measurements using the algorithm. Results: Differences between SIVA- and RA-measured calibers (CRAE: mean difference [MD] ? (cid:2)21.8 lm, 95% limits of agreement [LOA], (cid:2)47.3 to 3.7 lm; CRVE: MD ? (cid:2)7.7 lm, 95% LOA, (cid:2)28.0 to 12.6 lm), SIVA- and IVAN-measured calibers (CRAE: MD ? (cid:2)6.7 lm, 95% LOA, (cid:2)23.8 to 10.4 lm; CRVE: MD ? (cid:2)18.2 lm 95% LOA, (cid:2)36.7 to 0.4 lm) were large. However, the strength of correlations between systemic factors with SIVA-measured retinal calibers was not significantly different to that measured using RA and IVAN (P (cid:3) 0.332). SIVA-approximates converted from RA and IVAN measurements using the proposed algorithm was not significantly different from SIVA-measured calibers (P (cid:3) 0.20). Conclusion: Absolute measurements of retinal vessel calibers vary between three common software systems but associations with systemic factors were similar. Translational Relevance: The proposed algorithm allowed conversions of RA and IVAN measurements to SIVA-approximates. This conversion is important for future data pooling and establishment of normative values for retinal vascular caliber measurements.
关键词： retinal vasculature,epidemiology,retinal vessels
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
-
Epidemiology of Persistent Postsurgical Pain Manifesting as Dry Eye-like Symptoms After Cataract Surgery
摘要： To evaluate the epidemiology of persistent postsurgical pain (PPP) manifesting as dry eye (DE)-like symptoms 6 months after surgery. Methods: This single-center study included 119 individuals whose cataract surgeries were performed by a single surgeon at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and who agreed to participate in a phone survey 6 months after surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the PPP group was defined as those with a Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 score $6 and without PPP as those with a Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 score ,6 at 6 months after cataract surgery. Results: Mean age of the study population was 73 6 8.0 years; 55% (n = 66) were female. PPP was present in 34% (n = 41) of individuals 6 months after surgery. Factors associated with an increased risk of PPP were female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 2.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20–6.00, P = 0.01], autoimmune disorder (OR = 13.2, CI = 1.53–114, P = 0.007), nonocular chronic pain disorder (OR = 4.29, CI = 1.01–18.1, P = 0.06), antihistamine use (OR = 6.22, CI = 2.17–17.8, P = 0.0003), antireflux medication use (OR = 2.42, CI = 1.04–5.66, P = 0.04), antidepressant use (OR = 3.17, CI = 1.31–7.68, P = 0.01), anxiolytic use (OR = 3.38, CI = 1.11–10.3, P = 0.03), and antiinsomnia medication use (OR = 5.28, CI = 0.98–28.5, P = 0.047). PPP patients also reported more frequent use of artificial tears (P , 0.0001), higher ocular pain levels (P , 0.0001), and greater neuropathic ocular pain symptoms, including burning (P = 0.001), wind sensitivity (P = 0.001), and light sensitivity (P , 0.0001). Conclusions: PPP in the form of persistent DE-like symptoms is present in approximately 34% of individuals 6 months after cataract surgery. The frequency of PPP after cataract surgery is comparable to that of other surgeries including laser refractive surgery, dental implants, and genitourinary procedures.
关键词： dry eye symptoms,persistent postsurgical pain,cataract surgery,epidemiology
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14