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Highly Efficient Thermally Co-evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells and Mini-modules
摘要： Although small-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), their scalability still represents one of the major limits toward their industrialization. For the first time, we prove that PSCs fabricated by thermal co-evaporation show excellent scalability. Indeed, our strategy based on material and device engineering allowed us to achieve the PCEs as high as 20.28% and 19.0% for 0.1 and 1 cm2 PSCs and the record PCE value of 18.13% for a 21 cm2 mini-module.
关键词： thermal co-evaporation,scalability,power conversion efficiency,mini-modules,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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The relation between magnesium evaporation and laser absorption and weld penetration in pulsed laser welding of aluminum alloys: Experimental and numerical investigations
摘要： It is observed that in laser welding of aluminum alloys, magnesium can evaporate, and the weld penetration is dependent on Mg content of the alloy and Mg loss from the weld pool. In this research, it is proposed that the presence of Mg not in the base metal alloy, but rather the presence of Mg vapor in the plasma plume over the weld pool affects the laser absorption, and it is through this phenomenon that the weld profile and penetration is affected. Numerical simulation was performed to determine the relationship between the weld profile to estimate the effective laser absorption coefficient of four Al alloys and in parallel EPMA technique was used to determine the Mg losses of the weld metals. The combined analysis of the results showed that increasing the laser pulse energy (decreasing laser pulse frequency), Mg evaporation is increased, and that, in turn, increased the effective laser absorption coefficient. However, more laser power absorption does not necessarily mean more weld penetration. Laser absorption results in weld penetration, once the threshold Mg evaporation rate of 200 × ?10 6g/cm2 is passed.
关键词： Pulsed laser welding,Effective absorption coefficient,Aluminum alloys,Evaporation,Magnesium content,Penetration depth
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Vapor-deposited all inorganic CsPbBr3 thin films and interface modification with C8-BTBT for high performance photodetector
摘要： All inorganic perovskites like CsPbBr3 have attracted rising attention and are considered as promising candidates for optoelectronic devices. Here we fabricated CsPbBr3 films by co-evaporation. The as-deposited and low temperature (below 300 °C) annealed films are in a mixture phase of CsPbBr3 and CsPb2Br5. After 400 °C annealing in ambient air, the CsPbBr3 phase becomes dominant with a good crystal structure and less defects. Then, 2,7-diocty[1]benzothieno-[3,2-b]benzothiophen (C8-BTBT) was deposited on the CsPbBr3 film layer-by-layer to investigate the interface electronic structure with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). As C8-BTBT was deposited, p-doping effect was observed at the surface of CsPbBr3 by the interface energy level alignment. At the same time, we also observed a chemical reaction at the interface and a small amount of lead sulfite might be formed. CsPbBr3 based photodetectors with or without C8-BTBT modified layer were also fabricated and studied. It was found that the photocurrent of the detectors with an additional C8-BTBT layer was about two orders of magnitude higher than that without C8-BTBT layer. The responsivities and response time are also improved with C8-BTBT. We attribute the improvement of photoelectronic properties to the interface energy level adjustment by the C8-BTBT. These results highlight the potential of C8-BTBT as a modified layer for inorganic perovskite optoelectronic devices.
关键词： CsPbBr3 films,C8-BTBT,Interfacial electronic structures,Vacuum evaporation,Photoelectronic properties
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Light-Triggered Reversible Self-Engulfing of Janus Nanoparticles
摘要： Block copolymers containing azobenzene liquid crystalline (LC) mesogen are used to prepare snowman-like Janus nanoparticles (NPs) by emulsion solvent evaporation. The azobenzene-containing poly(methacrylate) (PMAAz) head of the Janus NPs is in the smectic LC phase with ordered stripes, which becomes amorphous and enlarged due to trans/cis transformation under UV irradiation. The expanded PMAAz can consequently engulf the other head. The self-engulfed NPs can recover to their original state in both shape and LC state via visible-light irradiation. This strategy is promising for programmable load and release of different payloads by remote trigger using light.
关键词： emulsion solvent evaporation,azobenzene,liquid crystalline,Block copolymers,Janus nanoparticles,programmable load and release,UV irradiation,visible-light irradiation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Study on Formation Process and Models of Linear Fe Cluster Structure on a Si(111)-7 × 7-CH3OH Surface
摘要： STM results showed that Fe atoms were deposited on a Si(111)-7 × 7 reconstructed surface, which was saturated with CH3OH molecules. Fe atomic linear structure was composed of stable clusters and in-situ observed by the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The aim to improve its application of magnetic memory material, both formation process and models, has been explored in this paper. By combining surface images and mass spectrometer data, an intermediate layer model was established. In terms of thermal stability, the most favorable adsorption sites of CH3OH were further explored. After that, Fe atoms were deposited on the Si(111)-7 × 7-CH3OH surface, forming a linear cluster structure. On the one hand, a new Fe cluster model was put forward in this paper, which was established with height measurement and 3D surface display technology. This model is also affected by the evaporation temperature, which can be consistent with the atomic stacking pattern of face centered cubic structures. On the other hand, the slight height change suggested the stability of linear structures. Even in the condition of thin air introduction, Fe cluster showed a good performance, which suggested the possibility of magnetic memory application in the future. These investigations are believed to have, to a certain extent, increased the probability of forming Fe linear clusters on the surface of silicon substrate, especially according to the models and surface technology we adjusted.
关键词： cluster,CH3OH,STM,linear structure,evaporation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Study on Needles and Cracks of Tin-doped Indium Oxide Tablets for Electron Beam Evaporation Process
摘要： Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) tablets were used to deposit ITO films on p-GaN layer of light-emitting diodes. Needles and cracks in ITO tablets generated during electron beam evaporation process were deeply investigated. The formation of needles is predominantly resulted from the scanning trace, which is controlled by x and y axes scanning singles. The needles can be eliminated by controlling electron beam scanning trace. The loose microstructure with uniform grains and pores in the ITO tablets results in weak bonding strength, which leads to cracks under the thermal shock of high energy electron beam. A three-dimensional reticulated skeleton structure with strong bonding strength can restrain these cracks.
关键词： needle,crack,ITO,electron beam evaporation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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CZTS solar cells and the possibility of increasing VOC using evaporated Al2O3 at the CZTS/CdS interface
摘要： We report the effect of an ultra-thin Al2O3 layer (down to 3 nm) as interface passivation strategy for the improvement of the performance of Cu2ZnSnS4/CdS based solar cells. After an initial optimization, the Al2O3 deposited by thermal evaporation is proved to improve the properties of the p-n junction. The fabricated devices showed an increment in Voc depending on the composition of the absorber, and an improvement in fill factor (FF) apparently related to the insulation of possible shunt-paths. Also, the impact on other optoelectronic parameters is discussed.
关键词： Al2O3,Interface passivation,Thermally evaporation,Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A salt-resistant Janus evaporator assembled from ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires and nickel oxide for efficient and recyclable solar desalination
摘要： Solar energy-driven interfacial water evaporation is a promising energy utilization technology in the field of seawater desalination and water purification. However, the accumulation of salt on the heating surface severely impairs the water evaporation performance and long-time stability. Herein, we demonstrate a new kind of photothermal paper comprising a high-temperature-resistant paper made from ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires and glass fibers and black nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles for solar energy-driven desalination. Owing to the high photothermal conversion ability, fast water transportation in the air-laid paper, and good heat insulation, the hydrophilic HN/NiO photothermal paper can achieve efficient, stable and recyclable water evaporation performance. In addition, a Janus HN/NiO photothermal paper based on hydrophobic sodium oleate-modified ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires has been developed, and it has a high water evaporation efficiency of 83.5% under 1 kW m?2 irradiation. In particular, with the bottom hydrophobic ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowire layer and water-transporting channels in the air-laid paper to facilitate salt exchange, the as-prepared Janus evaporator exhibits no salt accumulation on the surface, high performance and long-time stable desalination using simulated seawater (3.5 wt% NaCl). Furthermore, the Janus evaporator with the hydrophobic ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowire substrate can be extended to support other photothermal materials such as black titanium oxide (Ti2O3) and Ketjen black carbon. The as-prepared Janus HN/Ti2O3 and Janus HN/KB photothermal paper also exhibit salt-resistant desalination function. The as-prepared Janus salt-resistant photothermal paper with efficient, stable and recyclable merits has great potential in solar energy-driven desalination and water purification.
关键词： desalination,interfacial water evaporation,water purification,solar energy-driven,photothermal paper,ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires,nickel oxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Studies on development of NiTi-integrated optical fiber sensor and its life cycle behavior
摘要： Shape memory alloy coating on an optical fiber plays an important role in developing novel active thermal sensors in the field of microelectromechanical systems. In this article, a detailed analysis of NiTi alloy deposited over plastic optical fiber was discussed. A detailed investigation of the morphological, structural, and thermal properties of the NiTi-coated optic fiber was conducted. The uniformity, crystallinity, transformation temperatures, and thermal stability of the coatings were measured using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Also, an electrical actuation setup thermo-mechanical test was conducted through Joule heating in which different voltages at varying loads have been used. The sensor characteristic–based parameters (time response and sensitivity) were also calculated. The article presents a complete analysis of experimental results showing the properties and performances of the plastic optical fiber after coating with shape memory alloy.
关键词： shape memory alloy,flash evaporation,Fiber optic sensor
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Effect of deposition angle on fabrication of plasmonic gold nanocones and nanodiscs
摘要： Metal nanocones can exhibit several strong plasmonic resonances, which are associated with intense and accessible electromagnetic hot spots. They can thus be used to enhance light–matter interactions or to facilitate location-specific sensing while enabling separation of some non-specific contributions towards the sensing signal. Nanocones and similar 3D structures are often fabricated with the use of the so-called self-shading effect, which occurs during the evaporation of a metal film into circular nanowells. Unfortunately, a full description of a successful deposition process with all the essential details is currently missing in literature. Here we present a detailed view of the fabrication of ordered arrays of conical gold nanostructures using electron beam lithography and gold electron beam evaporation. We show that the symmetry of the fabricated nanostructures is influenced by the lateral position of the substrate on the sample holder during the deposition. Off-axis deposition or tilt of the sample leads to asymmetric nanostructures. When the deposited film is thick enough, or the nanowells narrow enough, the entrance aperture is clogged, and nanocones with sharp tips are formed. In contrast, flat-top truncated cones are produced for thinner films or wider nanowells. All these findings help to identify inherent limits for the production of wafer-scale arrays of such non-planar nanostructures. On the other hand, they also suggest new fabrication possibilities for more complicated structures such as mutually connected nanocones for electrically addressable chips.
关键词： Plasmonics,Optical antenna,Nanodisc,Nanocone,Electron beam evaporation,Electron beam lithography
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57