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Optical Electronics (An Introduction) || 3. Bulk solid-state lasers
摘要： Solid-state lasers use solid-state laser medium as the working substance. Usually, solid work materials are incorporated in the matrix with a small amount of activated ions. Laser transition occurs between different energy levels during ion activation. Matrix materials are mainly crystal, glass, and ceramics, and activated ions can be categorized as trivalent rare earth metal ions, divalent rare earth metal ions, transition metal ions, and actinide metal ions.
关键词： crystal,activated ions,laser medium,heat capacity laser,ceramics,LD-pumped,glass,solid-state lasers
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Development of Sunlight LED Bollard Based on C/GFRP Floodlight Composite
摘要： It is safe and light because it uses carbon/glass fiber reinforced plastics (hereinafter referred to as C/GFRP) through this technological development. Moreover, sunlight LED luminous bollard, which was harmonized with the surrounding environment with diverse colors, was developed. Luminous bollard can reduce its weight and also increase its strength by adjusting the intensity and thickness of a product customized for each usage on the basis of the characteristics of C/GFRP composite. In addition, C/GFRP and steel pipe were compared for the compression test in order to compare the objective rigidity. As a result, this study could obtain a positive result graph of luminous bollard. To develop luminous bollard, the composite development process was configured through a fixture of pullout and filament winding. Diverse colors can be applied to luminous bollard. Hence, it is possible to select a color customized for each region. It is also possible to create an aesthetic harmony with a surrounding environment through LED lamps at night. The pipe, which was 50 percent lighter than stainless and also which had excellent tensile strength, was designed to develop the bollard that has superior convenience in terms of construction, maintenance and repair.
关键词： Sunlight,Elastic force,Bollard,C/GFRP (Carbon/Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics)
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Simultaneous Observation of Turbulence and Spin Glass in a Photonic System: Theory and Experiment
摘要： We report in this communication the coexistence phenomenon relating two of the most challenging behaviors of complex systems: turbulence and spin glass. In 1998, Bohr, Jensen and Paladin [1] conjectured that it would be possible to find a connection between them, although they pointed out that “it could be too early to decide whether it can pave the way to a deeper understanding of intermittency in fully developed turbulence”. Both effects have been widely studied in a diversity of physical systems, including photonic ones, particularly in the field of random lasers and random fiber lasers [2,3]. However, it was only recently that the coexistence of turbulence-like and spin-glass behavior was identified in any experimental system, once again in a photonics system based on a random fiber laser (RFL) [4]. The experimental results were theoretically supported by a newly proposed photonic Pearson coefficient, with which the experimental results could be well fitted to describe both the turbulent and the glassy behavior in the RFL.
关键词： turbulence,Pearson coefficient,photonic system,random fiber laser,spin glass
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Influence of Se on Properties of As-S-Se-I Glass for Immersion Mid-IR Leds Lenses
摘要： The study of glass components influence on the physical and chemical properties of As–S–Se–I glasses has the potential to help design glasses with the required properties. A change of certain glass properties upon the introduction of selenium into AsSI glass was demonstrated. Non-stoichiometric compounds along the As2S3-AsI3-Se diagram section were investigated by differential thermal analysis, ultrasonic measurements, dilatometric measurements. It has been shown that the introduction of selenium decreases the glass solubility in water. Change in the glass properties with the change in the short-range structure studied by Raman spectroscopy was shown. These glasses can be used for creation of immersion lenses and optical adhesives which change radiation characteristics of mid-IR LEDs.
关键词： coefficient of thermal expansion,mechanical characteristics,density,solubility,chalcogenide glass,Raman spectra
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Bi-Activated Glasses and their Potential Covering Spectral Region as Active Media for Tunable near Infrared Lasers
摘要： To obtain the near infrared luminescence Bi-activated phosphate-aluminum-natrium glasses were synthesized and treated under reduction conditions. The reduction conditions were achieved by different methods: treatment in graphite atmosphere, hydrogen atmosphere, and X-ray irradiation. The spectral-luminescent properties of glass samples were measured and analyzed. Bi-activated phosphate-aluminum-natrium glasses after reduction treatment have shown wide near infrared luminescence with two peaks at the telecommunication windows region. The nature of the luminescent centers in Bi-activated phosphate-aluminum-natrium glasses are discussed. The spectral-luminescent properties of synthesized glasses were studied at the context of Bi-activated glass as the active media for tunable near infrared lasers operating in 1050-1500 nm region. The demonstrated properties of Bi-activated phosphate-aluminum-natrium glass are promising to fill the gap in near infrared lasers operating range.
关键词： Tunable infrared lasers,near infrared luminescence,Bi-doped glasses,spectral-luminescent properties of bismuth in glass matrix
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Up-Conversion Luminescence and C-Band Laser in Er <sup>3+</sup> -Doped Fluorozirconate Glass Microsphere Resonator
摘要： Up-conversion luminescence and C-band microsphere laser output is reported for an Er3+-doped ZrF4-BaF2-YF3-AlF3 (ZBYA) fluorozirconate glass microsphere. The microsphere was fabricated by heating a ZBYA glass filament using a CO2 laser beam. The fabrication process accurately and repeatably produces microspheres of 68 μm diameter. The input and output laser light was coupled to the microsphere using a tapered optical fiber. The coupling position between the tapered fiber and microsphere was adjusted using a sophisticated three-dimensional translation stage. The up-conversion luminescence emission, single-mode and multi-mode laser at C-band (1530 to 1565 nm) were observed when pumped using a 980 nm laser.
关键词： fluorozirconate glass,microsphere resonator,Up-conversion luminescence,C-band laser
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Highly sensitive optical thermometers based on unconventional thermometric coupled levels of Tm <sup>3+</sup> following a Boltzmann-type distribution in oxyfluoride glass ceramics
摘要： Oxyfluoride glass ceramics (GCs) containing b-PbF2 nanocrystals (NCs) doped with Tm3+ and Yb3+ were synthesized by a conventional melt-quenching method and a subsequent glass crystallization route. In b-PbF2:Tm3+/Yb3+ GCs, Tm3+/Yb3+ is surrounded by fluoride with a low phonon energy, ensuring its intense emissions at 362 (1D2 - 3H6), 450 (1D2 - 3F4), 478 (1G4 - 3H6), 648 (1G4 - 3F4), 700 (3F2,3 - 3H6) and 800 (3H4 - 3H6) nm excited by 976 nm laser. Furthermore, temperature-dependent upconversion luminescence (UCL) behaviors of b-PbF2:Tm3+/Yb3+ GCs were systematically investigated to explore the thermometric performance with the assistance of the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) method by employing conventional TCELs of 3F2,3/3H4 following a Boltzmann distribution and two unconventional coupled levels of 3F2,3/1D2 and 3F2,3/1G4 governed by a Boltzmann-type distribution. Impressively, the relative sensitivity (Sr) of 3F2,3/1D2 states (I700nm/I362nm), 3F2,3/1G4 states (I700nm/I478nm), and 3F2,3/3H4 states (I700nm/I800nm) was obtained in this work as values of 1.30% K-1, 1.38% K-1, and 0.87% K-1, respectively. Compared with the conventional TCELs of 3F2,3/3H4, the two unconventional coupled levels of 3F2,3/1D2 and 3F2,3/1G4 present preferable properties as temperature probes enabling optical ratiometric thermometers. The research in this work provides an important advance in exploring other innovative FIR methods for optical thermometers to enable an intense and precise probing signal and detect temperature accurately.
关键词： fluorescence intensity ratio,Yb3+,oxyfluoride glass ceramics,Tm3+,Boltzmann-type distribution,optical thermometers
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Tm/Al co-doped silica glass prepared by laser additive manufacturing technology for 2 μm photonic crystal fiber laser
摘要： In this work, we demonstrated the Tm/Al co-doped silica glass fabricated by the laser additive manufacturing technology for the first time. The measurements show that the glass was doped with Tm3+ concentration of 1.64 wt% without any crystallization. The Tm3+ and Al3+ were uniformly distributed and no additional defects were introduced during the fabrication process. The glass exhibits low hydroxyl content level of 11.56 ppm. Using the prepared silica glass as the core rod, a Tm/Al co-doped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) was fabricated and performed 13.9 % slope efficiency with nearly 600 mW output laser power. This novel technology provides an alternative method to fabricate Tm-doped fiber materials with high homogeneity and large core size, promoting the further spread and development of 2 μm fiber lasers.
关键词： Tm-doped fiber,silica glass,laser additive manufacturing,photonic crystal fiber
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Anti-escaping of incident laser in rare-earth doped fluoride ceramics with glass forming layer
摘要： Adaptive fluoride ceramic with glass forming layer (GCZBL-Er) used in laser anti-escaping has been prepared by one-step synthesis, and the thickness of glass layer is identified as ~0.41 mm. Blue, green and red emissions of Er3+/Yb3+ codoped fluoride ceramic (CZBL-Er) and glass layer (GZBL-Er) have been investigated under ~980 nm laser pumping. With the forming of thin glass layer on ceramic surface, the absorption intensities on diffuse reflection of GCZBL-Er at 974 nm and 1.53 μm increase by 48% and 53% than those of CZBL-Er. Excited by a 979 nm laser, the presence of the glass layer increases the absolute absorption rate in spectral power from 75% in CZBL-Er to 83% in GCZBL-er, which is consistent with the improvement in the absorbed photon number. In addition, the quantum yield of GCZBL-er complex is raised by 28.4% compared to the case of ceramic substrate by photon quantification. Intense absorption-conversion ability and efficient macroscopical anti-escaping effect confirm the superiority of ingenious structure in the fluoride ceramics with glass forming layer, which provides a new approach for developing the absorption-conversion materials of anti-NIR laser detection.
关键词： fluoride ceramic,absorption-conversion,Er3+/Yb3+ codoped,laser anti-escaping,glass forming layer
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Structural, spectroscopic and optical gain of Nd3+ doped fluorophosphate glasses for solid state laser application
摘要： The optical absorption measurements exhibited signature of Nd3+ absorption bands in fluorophosphate glasses showed. The spectroscopic analysis have been carried out using Judd-Ofelt parameters and oscillator strength to determine radiative properties such as radiative transition probability (AR), branching ratio (βr), lifetime (τ), emission cross-section (σe) and quantum efficiency (η). The highest emission intensity was found at 1060 nm for transition 4F3/2 → 4I13/2 under excitation wavelength of 582 nm for PANCaFN2. The emission cross section, branching ratio and lifetime were evaluated and showed 4.92 × 10?20 cm2, 0.7 and 200 μs, respectively. More importantly, the outstanding quantum efficiency of PANCaFN2 could reach to 98.92%. The addition of Nd3+ ion into fluorophosphate glass could enhance the spectroscopic properties which could play as a potential candidate for solid state applications. Theoretical optical gain evaluation and experimental calculation confirmed that PANCaFN2 had the higher gain than other samples.
关键词： Fluorophosphate,Spectroscopic,Laser glass,Nd3+ ion
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52