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Making benzotrithiophene derivatives dopant-free for perovskite solar cells: Step-saving installation of π-spacers by a direct C–H arylation strategy
摘要： Previously, benzotrithiophene (BTT)-based hole-transporting materials (HTMs) had to be doped with three chemical agents for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSC). This work describes significant progress by which the first dopant-free BTT core-based HTM (YKP03) with EDOT spacers was readily accessed by step-saving direct C–H arylation. PSCs with dopant-free YKP03 showed promising efficiencies of up to 16.15% with potential long-term storage stability.
关键词： direct C–H arylation,benzotrithiophene,dopant-free,perovskite solar cells,hole-transporting materials
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2018 4th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Electronics (ICEE) - Bengaluru, India (2018.12.17-2018.12.19)] 2018 4th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Electronics (ICEE) - Effect of Fluorination on the D-A-D type Hole Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： To study the effect of fluorination on hole transporting materials (BTD-Th and BTD-F-Th) for the efficient perovskite solar cells, we designed and synthesized a novel D-A-D type hole transporting molecule having benzo[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTD) as electron acceptor unit and thiophene (Th) as a simple electron donor unit. The D-A-D molecules BTD-Th and BTD-F-Th were synthesized by palladium(0) catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. The electrochemical band gap of synthesized compounds varies from -1.5 eV to -1.7 eV, Which were ideal for hole transport material (with perovskite active layer) and effective electron blocking layer. The architecture of the perovskite device is glass/ITO/SnO2/CH3NH3PbI3(Perovskite)/Hole Transport Material/Ag.
关键词： Perovskite,benzo[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole,thiophene,hole transporting materials
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Forming a metal-free oxidatively-coupled agent, bicarbazole, as a defect passivation for HTM and an interfacial layer in a p-i-n perovskite solar cell exhibits nearly 20% efficiency
摘要： In this study we synthesized three simple and inexpensive (34–120 USD/g) 3,3′-bicarbazole–based hole transporting materials (BC-HTMs; NP-BC, NBP-BC and PNP-BC) through a metal-free oxidative coupling, in excellent yields (≥ 95%). These bicarbazoles contain phenylene or biphenylene substituents on the carbazole N atom, with extended π-conjugation achieved through phenylene units at the 6,6′-positions of the bicarbazole. When using NBP-BC as a dopant-free HTM in a p–i–n perovskite solar cell (PSC), we achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.04% under AM 1.5G conditions (100 mW cm–2); this PCE was comparable with that obtained when using PEDOT:PSS as the HTM (12.67%). BC-HTMs showed the large grain size (μm) of perovskite than PEDOT:PSS-based, due to defect passiviation on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate and good hydrophobicity. Furthermore, we realized highly efficient and stable PSCs when using the p–i–n device structure ITO/NiOx/NP-BC/perovskite/PC61BM/BCP/Ag. The bifacial defect passivation effect of the interfacial layer improved the grain size of the perovskite layer and also enhanced the performance; the best performance of the NiOx/NP-BC device was characterized by a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 22.38 mA cm–2, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.09 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 79.9%, corresponding to an overall PCE of almost 20%. This device structure has competitive potential because its performance is comparable with that of the record high efficiency PSCs. Under an Ar atmosphere, the PCE of the NiOx/NP-BC PSC device decayed by only 4.55% after 168 h; it retained 90.80% of its original PCE after 1000 h. A morphological study revealed that the films of the BC-HTMs were indeed smooth and hydrophobic, and that the perovskite films spin-coated upon them were uniform and featured large grains (micrometer scale). Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectra of the perovskite films suggested that the hole extraction capabilities of the NiOx/BC-HTMs were better than that of the bare NiOx. The superior film morphologies of the NiOx/BC-HTMs were responsible for the performances of their devices being comparable with those of bare NiOx-based PSCs.
关键词： power conversion efficiency,3,3′-bicarbazole,perovskite solar cells,hole transporting materials,metal-free oxidative coupling,dopant-free
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Solvent Engineering of a Dopant-Free Spiro-OMeTAD Hole-Transport Layer for cm-Scale Perovskite Solar Cells having High Efficiency and Thermal Stability
摘要： High efficiency and environmental stability are mandatory performance requirements for commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, efficient cm-scale PSCs with improved stability were achieved by incorporating an additive-free 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis[N,N-di(p-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9’-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) hole transporting material (HTM) through simply substituting the usual chlorobenzene solvent with pentachloroethane (PC). A stabilized power conversion efficiency of 16.1% under simulated AM 1.5G 1-sun illumination with an aperture of 1.00 cm2 was achieved for PSCs using an additive-free spiro-OMeTAD layer cast from PC. X-ray analysis suggested chlorine radicals from pentachloroethane transferred partially to spiro-OMeTAD and retain in the HTM film, resulting of conductivity improvement. Moreover, unencapsulated PSCs having cm-scale active area cast from PC retained >70% of their initial PCE after ageing at 80 °C for 500 h, in contrast with less than 20% retention for control devices. Morphological and X-ray analysis of the aged cells revealed that the perovskite and HTM layers remain almost unchanged in the cells with spiro-OMeTAD layer cast from PC whereas serious degradation occurred in the control cells. This study not only reveals the decomposition mechanism of PSCs in the presence of HTM-additives, but also opens up a broad range of organic semiconductors for radical doping.
关键词： stability,spiro-OMeTAD,perovskite solar cell,hole transporting materials,dopant-free,radical,pentachloroethane
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Dicyanovinylene and Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-Core Containing D-A-D Type Hole Transporting Materials for Spiro-OMeTAD Free Perovskite Solar Cell Applications with Superior Atmospheric Stability
摘要： In perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices, hole transporting materials (HTMs) are vital components affecting the charge separation and play an important role in achieving high efficiencies. These may also protect active light-absorbing layers from degradation. The current best-in-class HTM Spiro-OMeTAD is prohibitively expensive for large scale application and hence design of novel cost-effective HTMs yielding comparable device performance is essential. In this manuscript, we report synthesis of donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type hole transporting materials (TTz-1 and TPDCN) featuring the dicyanovinylene and thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole cores and evaluate their performance via integrating them in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The results suggest that both the HTMs are easy to synthesize and demonstrate favourable structural characteristics for device integration. Detailed analysis reveals that the molecules showed appropriate energy level alignment with methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite, possess good thermal stability and high hole mobility. Planar PSC devices fabricated using TTz-1 as HTM yielded a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.37%, whilst devices using TPDCN shows a PCE of 10.11%, comparable to PCE of 11.62% obtained in control samples based on Spiro-OMeTAD. In additional, stability analysis of the devices shows that devices fabricated using TTz-1 and TPDCN exhibit superior atmospheric stability as compared to those based on Spiro-OMeTAD. These results suggest that the reported HTM architectures are promising leads for designing new HTMs for perovskite solar cells owing to their simple and scalable synthesis and tunability.
关键词： Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole,Hole transporting materials,Dicyanovinylene,Perovskite solar cell,Donor-Acceptor-Donor
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Diindolotriazatruxene-Based Hole Transporting Materials for High-Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： A novel set of hole transporting materials (HTMs) based on π-extended diindolotriazatruxene (DIT) core structure with electron-rich methoxy-engineered functional groups were designed and synthesized via a facile two-step procedure. All compounds were afforded from inexpensive precursors without complex purification process. Cyclic voltammograms indicate that the resulting HTMs exhibit suitable HOMO energy levels, which facilitate efficient hole injection from the valence band of perovskites into HOMO of DIT-based HTMs as confirmed by time resolved photoluminescence. Notable power conversion efficiency of the planar perovskite solar cells with low-temperature device fabrication achieved 18.21% utilizing D2, which is competitive with the corresponding devices based on the common Spiro-OMeTAD-based HTMs. The results manifest that DIT-based compounds are promising HTMs for constructing high-efficiency planar perovskite solar cells with low-cost solution processing procedures.
关键词： planar configurations,perovskite solar cells,hole transporting materials,diindolotriazatruxene,electron-rich structures
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Doped but stable: spirobisacridine hole transporting materials for hysteresis-free and stable perovskite solar cells
摘要： Four spirobisacridine (SBA) hole-transporting materials were synthesized and employed in perovskite solar cells (PSC). The molecules bear electronically inert alkyl chains of different length and bulkiness, attached to in-plane N-atoms of nearly orthogonal spiro-connected acridines. Di-p-methoxyphenylamine (DMPA) substituents tailored to the central SBA-platform define electronic properties of the materials mimicking the structure of the benchmark 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), while the alkyl pending groups affect molecular packing in thin film and affect long-term performance of PSCs. Devices with SBA-based hole transporting layers (HTL) attain efficiencies on par with spiro-MeOTAD. More importantly, solar cells with the new HTMs are hysteresis-free and demonstrate good operational stability, despite being doped as spiro-MeOTAD. The best performing MeSBA-DMPA retained 88% of the initial efficiency after 1000 h ageing test under a constant illumination. The results clearly demonstrate: SBA-based compounds are potent candidates for a design of new HTMs for PSCs with improved longevity.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,hysteresis-free,spirobisacridine,operational stability,hole-transporting materials
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Alternative electrodes for HTMs and noble-metal-free perovskite solar cells: 2D MXenes electrodes
摘要： The high cost of hole transporting materials (HTMs) and noble metal electrodes limits the application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Carbon materials have been commonly utilized for HTMs and noble-metal-free PSCs. In this paper, a more conductive 2D MXene material (Ti3C2), showing a similar energy level to carbon materials, has been used as a back electrode in HTMs and noble-metal-free PSCs for the ?rst time. Seamless interfacial contact between the perovskite layer and Ti3C2 material was obtained using a simple hot-pressing method. After the adjustment of key parameters, the PSCs based on the Ti3C2 electrode show more stability and higher power conversion e?ciencies (PCE) (13.83%, 27% higher than that (10.87%) of the PSCs based on carbon electrodes) due to the higher conductivity and seamless interfacial contact of the MXene electrode. Our work proposes a promising future application for MXene and also a good electrode candidate for HTM and the noble-metal-free PSCs.
关键词： noble-metal-free electrodes,hole transporting materials,perovskite solar cells,2D MXenes,Ti3C2
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Promising hole‐transporting materials for perovskite solar cells: Modulation of the electron‐deficient units in triphenylamine derivative‐based molecules
摘要： Modulation of the electron-deficient π-bridge units in 4-methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylbenzenamine (MeTPA)-based hole-transporting materials (HTMs) is a significant approach to improve hole mobility of HTMs for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a class of simple MeTPA-based HTMs (H1-H4) with different π-bridged electron-deficient units were designed for the purpose of providing a theoretical model to obtain potential MeTPA-based HTMs. The results indicated that H2 to H4 exhibit better performance, such as larger Stokes shifts, smaller exciton-binding energy, better stability, good solubility, and higher hole mobility, in comparison with the parental material H1. H2 and to H4 materials with high hole mobility (5.45 × 10?4, 2.70 × 10?1, 3.99 × 10?3 cm2 V?1 second?1, respectively) may embody promising HTMs to yield good performance in PSCs. Therefore, the useful information obtained regarding control of the electron-deficient π-bridge units of MeTPA-based HTMs is an effective way to obtain excellent HTMs for PSC applications.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,condensed rings,charge transfer,hole mobility,hole-transporting materials
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Post-functionalization of polyvinylcarbazoles: An open route towards hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells
摘要： We report on the potential of tuning poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) properties through functionalization for an application as hole transport material (HTM) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The synthesized PVK-based polymers were substituted with moieties of interest to improve the solubility, the charge transport properties, or to tune energy levels. Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine moieties were found to improve the hole mobility and to increase the HOMO level of the PVK. Therefore, PSCs employing PVK-[N(PhOCH3)2]2 as HTM exhibited a best PCE of 16.7%. Compared to spiro-OMeTAD, first studies have shown that PVK-[N(PhOCH3)2]2 could extend PSC lifetime.
关键词： Hole mobility,Hole-transporting materials,Device stability,Perovskite solar cells,Polyvinylcarbazoles
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04