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Screen printing for support-pillar placement for vacuum glazing and the effects of pillar spacing on strength properties
摘要： Maintaining a vacuum between the two glasses to maximize the heat insulating performance, it is indispensable to array the pillar for the vacuum glazing to maintain the vacuum gap. In this paper, to investigate the effect of the spacing of the pillars arranged using the screen printing method on the strength of the glass, a bending strength test was carried out by design and fabricating a ROR bending strength test jig based on the Euro standard. In the strength test results, the experimental results were analyzed using the Weibull distribution, which is a statistical analysis method mainly used for evaluating the breaking strength of brittle material. Based on the analysis results, the placement spacing of the pillars proved validity for maintaining the vacuum glass gaps.
关键词： Weibull analysis,Vacuum glazing,Screen printing,Supporting pillar,Bending strength
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Energy diagram analysis of photoelectrochemical water splitting process
摘要： Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting process is thoroughly revisited based on the energy diagram to elucidate the experimental observations. The TiO2 nanorod structure is studied as the model system for the photoanode of the PEC cell due to its stability in both acidic and basic solutions. The photocurrents with the external bias are examined under the various electrolytes of H2SO4, NaCl, and NaOH. The energy diagrams of the whole PEC system related to the water splitting process are interactively constructed in three-electrode configuration with the vacuum level as the common reference. Electrode potentials and photocurrents measured with the external bias in dark and under light are systematically correlated with the energy diagram of the PEC system. The pH dependent flat-band potential is explained by applying the pH dependent Helmholtz layer potential at the interface. In addition, the distribution of the applied potential in the PEC system during the water splitting process is understood by in-depth understanding of the energy band diagram.
关键词： band analysis,TiO2 nanorod,photoelectrochemical water splitting
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Spatial carrier phase shifting method for the phase recovery from two interferograms with closed fringes
摘要： A procedure is developed to recover the phase from two interferograms with a non-constant phase shift between them. This method may find broad applications when environmental disturbances do not allow implementing traditional phase shifting techniques which normally require three or more images. A spatial carrier phase shifting method is implemented to analyze the two measured temporal phase shifted interferometric images. This approach is very fast, avoids the use of fringe normalization techniques, preserves good tolerance against small (λ/20) or non-constant phase shifts, background and modulation variations and noise as tested in real and simulated data.
关键词： spatial carrier,interferogram evaluation,phase shifting,Fringe analysis,phase recovery
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Investigations on the quantum chemical studies and physico-chemical properties of an opto-electronic material 1-Allyl-2-Aminopyridine-1-ium bromide
摘要： In the present work, the dual approach of quantum chemical studies and experimental characterizations of the title compound 1-Allyl-2-Aminopyridine-1-ium bromide (1A2APB) were carried out for the first time. The molecular geometry of 1A2APB was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) basis set. The optimized geometric structural parameters were compared with the experimental findings and discussed. The dipole moment (μ) and first hyperpolarizability (β) were calculated to predict the NLO behavior. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO), molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), Mulliken atomic charge and thermodynamic properties were investigated to get a better insight of the molecular properties. Stability of the compound arising from hyper-conjugative interactions, intra-molecule re-hybridization and charge delocalization within the molecule were analyzed using NBO analysis. Further, 1A2APB was synthesized and good quality single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. Studies such as microanalysis and powder XRD were performed to ascertain material composition and phase respectively. The various characteristic functional groups were identified through FT-IR spectroscopic analyses. The NLO efficiency was measured to be about greater than 5 times that of standard KDP. Thermal behaviors were explored by the simultaneous TG/DTA-DSC thermograms. The UV–Vis–NIR spectral data and fluorescence spectrum were recorded to explore the optical transmission and emission properties respectively. The dielectric properties were evaluated as a function of frequency at various temperatures. The photoconducting nature was analyzed through photoconductivity measurement. The Vicker’s microhardness test was performed at room temperature from which the mechanical stability was analyzed through the classical Meyer’s relation.
关键词： Photoconductivity,Powder XRD analysis,DFT calculations,Organic materials,Non-linear optics,Crystal growth
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Complete and Nondestructive Atomic Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-State Analysis Assisted by Invariant-Based Inverse Engineering
摘要： A protocol to realize complete and nondestructive atomic Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-state analysis in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) systems is presented. In this protocol, the three information-carrier atoms and the three auxiliary atoms are trapped in six separated cavities, respectively. After ten-step operations, the information for distinguishing the eight different GHZ states of the three information-carrier atoms is encoded on the auxiliary atoms. Thus, by means of detecting the auxiliary atoms, complete and nondestructive GHZ-state analysis with high success probability is realized. Moreover, the driving pulses of operations are designed as a simple superposition of Gaussian or trigonometric functions by using the invariant-based inverse engineering. Therefore, the protocol can be realized experimentally and applied in some quantum information tasks based on complete GHZ-state analysis with less physical entanglement resource.
关键词： GHZ-state analysis,cavity quantum electrodynamics system,invariant-based inverse engineering
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Scaling behavior in on-chip field-amplified sample stacking
摘要： Field amplified sample stacking (FASS) uses differential electrophoretic velocity of analyte ions in the high-conductivity background electrolyte zone and low-conductivity sample zone for increasing the analyte concentration. The stacking rate of analyte ions in FASS is limited by molecular diffusion and convective dispersion due to non-uniform electroosmotic flow (EOF). We present a theoretical scaling analysis of stacking dynamics in FASS and its validation with a large set of on-chip sample stacking experiments and numerical simulations. Through scaling analysis, we have identified two stacking regimes that are relevant for on-chip FASS, depending upon whether the broadening of the stacked peak is dominated by axial diffusion or convective dispersion. We show that these two regimes are characterized by distinct length and time scales, based on which we obtain simplified non-dimensional relations for the temporal growth of peak concentration and width in FASS. We first verify the theoretical scaling behavior in diffusion and convection dominated regimes using numerical simulations. Thereafter, we show that the experimental data of temporal growth of peak concentration and width at varying electric fields, conductivity gradients, and EOF exhibit the theoretically predicted scaling behavior. The scaling behavior described in this work provides insights into the effect of varying experimental parameters, such as electric field, conductivity gradient, electroosmotic mobility, and electrophoretic mobility of the analyte on the dynamics of on-chip FASS.
关键词： dispersion,scaling analysis,on-chip electrophoresis,field-amplified sample stacking
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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On-line measurement of fluorescent aerosols near an industrial zone in the Yangtze River Delta region using a wideband integrated bioaerosol spectrometer
摘要： In this work, we present on-line fluorescent aerosol measurements by the wideband integrated bioaerosol spectrometer (WIBS-4A) near an industrial zone in Nanjing, a megacity in the Yangtze-River-Delta (YRD) region. The fieldwork was conducted from April 1 to May 8, 2014. A TSI. 3321 aerosol-particle-sizer (APS) was simultaneously deployed to measure the total number size distribution of aerosol with diameter from 0.8–20 μm. Both WIBS-4A and APS reported similar number concentration and temporal profiles (R2 = 0.72). However, the daily average number of potential bioaerosols was only 0.5 ± 0.2% of the total particles detected by the WIBS-4A and displayed a completely different diurnal profile from that of APS. In addition, WIBS-4A can only provide integrated fluorescent signals, which strongly limited the potential to specifically identify the bioaerosols. Accordingly, hierarchical-agglomerative-cluster-analysis (HACA) was utilized to identify and speciate the potential bioaerosols from the WIBS-4A dataset. By maximizing the total distances among all potential cluster centers, a 12-cluster solution was accepted as the optimum result. These clusters were further identified according to their fluorescent signatures, size, and morphology, i.e., non-bioaerosols, bacteria, and fungal spores and/or pollen fragments. Bacteria were the dominant bioaerosol species detected in this work. The diurnal profiles of bioaerosols correlated very well with relatively humidity (RH), reaching daily maxima around 3 AM~6 AM, indicating the presence of humidity controlled bioaerosol emission mechanism, i.e., bacteria may flourish under moderate ambient temperature, RH, and the absence of UV radiation. The size- and AF-distributions of bioaerosols indicated that bioaerosols normally varied substantially in size and assumed a rather irregular shape. Although the number concentration of bioaerosols was relatively small, most bioaerosols can efficiently serve as ice nuclei by providing rough and irregular surfaces, verified by the observation results. Therefore, WIBS-4A measurements can still be informative for investigations of bioaerosols in the atmosphere, especially when HACA method was incorporated into the data processing.
关键词： Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis,WIBS-4A,Ice nuclei,Cloud condensation nuclei,Primary biological aerosol
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Application of TG-100 risk analysis methods to the acceptance testing and commissioning process of a Halcyon linear accelerator
摘要： Purpose: A new type of linear accelerator (linac) was recently introduced into the market by a major manufacturer. Our institution is one of the early users of this pre-assembled and pre-configured dual-layer MLC, ring-gantry linac – HalcyonTM (1st version). We performed a set of full acceptance testing and commissioning (ATC) measurements for three Halcyon machines and compared the measured data with the standard beam model provided by the manufacturer. The ATC measurements were performed following the guidelines given in different AAPM protocols as well as guidelines provided by the manufacturer. The purpose of the present work was to perform a risk assessment of the ATC process for this new type of linac and investigate whether the results obtained from this analysis could potentially be used as a guideline for improving the design features of this type of linac. Methods: AAPM’s TG100 risk assessment methodology was applied to the ATC process. The acceptance testing process relied heavily on the use of a manufacturer-supplied phantom and the automated analysis of EPID images. For the commissioning process, a conventional measurement setup and process (e.g. use of water tank for scanning) was largely used. ATC was performed using guidelines recommended in various AAPM protocols (e.g. TG-106, TG-51) as well as guidelines provided by the manufacturer. Six medical physicists were involved in this study. Process maps, process steps and failure modes (FMs) were generated for the ATC procedures. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) were performed following the guidelines given in AAPM TG-100 protocol. The top 5 and top 10 highest-ranked FMs were identified for the acceptance and commissioning procedures respectively. Quality control measures were suggested to mitigate these FMs. Results: A total of 38 steps and 88 FMs were identified for the entire ATC process. 14 steps and 34 FMs arose from acceptance testing. The top 5 FMs that were identified could potentially be mitigated by the manufacturer. For commissioning, a total of 24 steps and 54 potential FMs were identified. The use of separate measurement tools that are not machine-integrated has been identified as a cause for the higher number of steps and FMs generated from the conventional ATC approach. More than half of the quality control measures recommended for both acceptance and commissioning could potentially be incorporated by the manufacturer in the design of the Halcyon machine. Conclusion: This paper presents the results of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and quality control measures to mitigate the failure modes for the acceptance testing and commissioning process for Halcyon machine. Unique FMs that result from the differences in the ATC guidelines provided by the vendor and current conventional protocols, and the challenges of performing the ATC due to the new linac features and ring-gantry design were highlighted for the first time. The FMs identified in the present work along with the suggested quality control measures, could potentially be used to improve the design features of future ring-gantry type of linacs that are likely to be pre-assembled, pre-configured, and heavily reliant on automation and image-guidance.
关键词： new ring-gantry linac,reference dosimetry,TG100,TG-51,Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA),Acceptance testing and Commissioning
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Rapid and sensitive detection of formaldehyde using portable 2-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with photoionization detectors
摘要： We developed an automated and highly portable device for rapid and sensitive formaldehyde detection based on heart-cutting 2-dimensional gas chromatography. In this design, the air sample was first absorbed by a preconcentrator before it is injected into the 1st-dimensional column (Rtx?-VMS). The partial elution from the 1st-dimensional column containing formaldehyde was re-injected into the 2nd-dimensional column (Rt? Q-BOND column) for further separation. The detection of formaldehyde was achieved by using a micro-helium dielectric barrier discharge photoionization detector that is able to ionize formaldehyde (ionization potential = 10.88 eV). Due to the use of many miniaturized components, the entire system has a weight of only 1.3 kg (excluding the helium cartridge) and dimensions of only 27 cm x 24 cm x 12 cm. It is capable of detecting formaldehyde down to 0.5 ppb (V/V) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 6 in only 11 min (including 6 min of sampling). Meanwhile, simultaneous separation and detection of other air pollution related toxic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, was also demonstrated by the 1-dimensional column and a flow-through micro-photoionization detector. The device developed here should have a broad range of applications in environmental protection, industries, space exploration, and battlefield.
关键词： Gas chromatography,Air quality control,Indoor air analysis,Photoionization detector,2D GC,Formaldehyde detection
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Boron doped carbon dots as a multifunctional fluorescent probe for sorbate and vitamin B12
摘要： Boron doped carbon dots (B-CD) were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method using phenylboronic acid as the starting material. They have an average size of about 3.3 nm, with excitation/emission wavelength of 247/323 nm and a quantum yield of 12%. The B-CD is shown to be viable fluorescent probe for sorbate (PS) and vitamin B12 (VB12). The fluorescence (FL) of the B-CD is quenched in the presence of PS or VB12 mainly coming from inner filter effect (IFE), but F?rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the B-CD (as a donor) to PS/VB12 (as an acceptor) cannot be excluded. The probe enables PS to be detected by fluorometry with a linear response in the 0.20–24 μM concentration range and a 6.1 nM detection limit (at 3σ/slope). For VB12, the data are 0.20–30 μM and 8.0 nM.
关键词： Fluorescent probe,Sorbic acid,Fluorescence quenching ratios,Intra-day precision,Selectivity,Inter-day precision,Quenching mechanism,Real sample analysis
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52