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Clinical performance of clinical-visual examination, digital bitewing radiography, laser fluorescence, and near-infrared light transillumination for detection of non-cavitated proximal enamel and dentin caries
摘要： The aim of this study was to compare the clinical performance of clinical-visual examination using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II, digital bitewing radiography, near-infrared light transillumination (NIR-LT), and laser fluorescence (LF) for the detection of non-cavitated proximal enamel and dentin caries. The study included 335 patients, aged 12–18 years, with no cavities in the posterior teeth. Clinical-visual inspections of 335 non-cavitated proximal caries were performed by two examiners. For enamel caries, clinical validation included a combination of clinical-visual and digital bitewing radiography assessments. For dentin caries, the clinical validation was opening the cavity. The accuracy rate, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and areas under receiver operating characteristic curves were determined. The agreement between the examiners’ measurements was calculated using the kappa coefficient. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the methods were compared using the McNemar test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Digital bitewing radiography had the highest sensitivity (0.96) and accuracy (0.96), and LF had the lowest sensitivity (0.38) and accuracy (0.39). After separation of the lesions into enamel and dentin caries, clinical-visual examination had the highest sensitivity (0.98) and accuracy (0.98) for enamel caries, while digital bitewing radiography had the highest sensitivity (0.97) and accuracy (0.97) for dentin caries. The NIR-LT method had a higher sensitivity for enamel caries (0.86). Each method also differed significantly from the others (p < 0.001). Digital bitewing radiography gave the best prediction of proximal enamel and dentin caries. NIR-LT showed good potential for detection of proximal caries.
关键词： Laser fluorescence,Non-cavitated caries,Near-infrared light transillumination,Proximal caries,Caries detection
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Spectral Luminescence Properties of Ho <sup>3+</sup> Ions in Active Media Codoped with Tb <sup>3+</sup> , Pr <sup>3+</sup> and Yb <sup>3+</sup> for Mid-Infrared Laser Development
摘要： Lasers operating in mid-infrared spectral region specifically with 3 m wavelength attract a lot of attention due to their various applications in atmospheric monitoring, medical surgery, remote sensing and scientific research. Such laser can be used as an efficient and high-quality radiation source for optical parametric oscillators and converters to longer IR wavelengths. Laser active media doped with Ho3+ ions are of interest for obtaining the radiation in this spectral range. However the realization of the laser radiation at 5I6 → 5I7 optical transition in Ho3+ ions is a complicated task due to the lack of commercially available laser diodes for efficient pumping of Ho3+ ions. Yb3+ ion is known as an efficient sensitizer for Ho3+ ions in various laser active crystals. The scheme with the excitation transfer from Yb3+ to Ho3+ was realized in Cr:Yb:Ho:YSGG and Cr:Yb:Ho:Eu:YAP lasers with flash lamp pumping [1, 2] and Ho:Yb:GGG and Ho:Yb:YSGG lasers with diode pumping [3]. In addition 5I6 → 5I7 optical transition is known as a “self-terminating” one because the fluorescence lifetime of the lower laser level 5I7 is considerably larger than that of the upper laser level 5I6. Codoping of Ho3+ active media with Tb3+ or Pr3+ ions can accelerate the deactivation process of the lower laser level. The concentration set of CaF2 crystal doped with Ho3+, Yb3+, Tb3+, Pr3+ ions was grown using the Bridgman technique. The number of Gd2O3, Y2O3 single crystal fibers doped with the same ions was successfully obtained by laser-heated pedestal growth method. Absorption spectra of Yb:Ho:Gd2O3 and Yb:Ho:Pr:Gd2O3 crystals showed that Yb3+ doping increased the absorption coefficient within 850-1050nm spectral region and make Yb doped media suitable for efficient pumping by commercially available laser diodes. The fluorescence lifetime of 5I6 and 5I7 manifolds of Ho3+ ions was investigated in CaF2 crystals codoped with Tb3+ and Pr3+ ions. It was found that this codoping resulted in the depopulation of the lower laser level 5I7 in Ho3+ ions and at the same time had little influence on the upper laser level 5I6 (Table 1). The lifetime of the lower laser level reduced from 17.5 ms for Yb:Ho:CaF2 crystal to 0.75 ms for Yb:Ho:Tb:CaF2. Deactivation effect of lower laser level 5I7 in Ho3+ was also observed in Yb3+:Ho3+:Pr3+:Gd2O3 and Yb3+:Ho3+:Tb3+:Gd2O3 single crystal fibers. The lifetime of the lower laser level 5I7 decreased from 8.25 ms to 1.04 ms and to 0.67 ms with a codoping of 0.5 at.% Pr3+ and 0.5 at.% Tb3+ ions, respectively. The use of Yb3+, Tb3+ or Pr3+ codoping with Ho3+ to enhance the laser properties of Ho3+ ions at 5I6→5I7 optical transition at the wavelength of ~2.8-3 μm were investigated in the Gd2O3, Y2O3 single crystal fiber for the first time. Obtained results indicate that single crystal fiber Yb3+:Ho3+:Tb3+:Gd2O3 and CaF2 :Yb3+:Ho3+:Tb3+ crystal is a promising laser medium for developing compact LD-pumped lasers operating at the wavelength of 2.8-3 μm.
关键词： Pr3+ ions,Tb3+ ions,mid-infrared laser,fluorescence lifetime,laser active media,Ho3+ ions,Yb3+ ions
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04