- 标题
- 摘要
- 关键词
- 实验方案
- 产品
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Adaptive LSB quantum watermarking method using tri-way pixel value differencing
摘要： As an important way to protect copyright by embedding watermark in digital images, quantum watermarking catches more and more attentions. In this study, a novel quantum watermarking method on the basis of tri-way pixel value differencing and modified least significant bit (LSB) substitution is proposed. A quantum cover image using the novel-enhanced quantum image representation is partitioned into non-overlapping 2 × 2 blocks with four pixels firstly. To classify the block as a smooth area or an edge area, the tri-way pixel value differences are calculated and compared with a predefined threshold. The quantum watermark image, which is expanded and scrambled, is then embedded into a quantum cover image by the k-bit LSB substitution method, where k is decided by the level of each block. The embedded quantum watermark can be extracted from the quantum stego-image without the assistance of original quantum cover image. Theoretical analysis and simulation-based experiments demonstrate both the feasibility and capabilities of the proposed quantum watermarking method, which has good visual quality, better robustness, and higher security.
关键词： Pixel value difference,Visual quality,Quantum image watermarking,Least significant bit
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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LSBs-based quantum color images watermarking algorithm in edge region
摘要： Based on the NEQR representation for quantum color and binary images, an enhanced quantum watermarking scheme is investigated through Gray code transform and least significant bit (LSB) steganography, which embeds a quantum binary image (i.e., watermark image) into the edge region of a quantum color image (i.e., carrier image) LSB and second LSB. The size of the carrier and watermark images are assumed to be 2n × 2n and 2n?1 × 2n?1, respectively. At first, the watermark image is resized into an appropriate size image with 4-qubit grayscale based on the nearest neighbor interpolation method, which is of the same size with the preselected edge region in carrier image. To enhance the security of the watermark image, the binary code of 4-qubit grayscale of watermark image is transformed into the corresponding Gray code, and one 3-Controlled-NOT gate is utilized to generate a quantum binary image |K 1(cid:2). To further scatter the watermark image qubits that are embedded into the LSB and second LSB of carrier image, the quantum image |K 1(cid:2) is employed to choose any two channels from the color image among the three channels of R, G and B (i.e., R, G or R, B channels would be chosen as the embedding channels). Furthermore, a quantum binary image |K 2(cid:2) is generated through XOR operation decided by the quantum image |K 1(cid:2), which is used to determine the embedding order of watermark image qubits. The extraction process is the inverse operation of embedding, which also needs the two quantum binary key images |K 1(cid:2) and |K 2(cid:2). Finally, the experiment results are simulated under the classical computer software MATLAB 2016(b), which illustrates that our investigated LSBs-based quantum watermarking has a better visual effect than some related works in terms of PSNR value.
关键词： Nearest neighbor interpolation,Gray code transform,Quantum watermarking,Least significant bit
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21