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Tetraphenylbutadiene-Based Symmetric 3D Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: A Trial Trade-off between Charge Mobility and Film Morphology
摘要： Two three-dimensional symmetric tetraphenylbutadiene derivatives decorated with diphenylamine or triphenylamine fragments are first prepared for use as hole-transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The HTMs are acquired using straightforward synthetic methods and facile purification techniques. The thermal stability, photophysical properties, electrochemical behaviors, computational study, hole mobility, X-ray diffraction, hole transfer dynamics, hydrophobicity, surface morphology, and photovoltaic performances of the HTMs are discussed. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CJ-04-based cell is 13.75%, which is increased to 20.06% when CJ-03 is used as HTM, superior to the PCE of the cell based on 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) (18.90%). The preparation cost of CJ-03 accounts for merely 23.1% of the price of commercial spiro-OMeTAD, while the concentration of CJ-03 solution used in the device fabrication (60.0 mg mL–1) is lower compared with that of the spiro-OMeTAD solution (72.3 mg mL–1). These results corroborate that the screw-like HTMs with a highly distorted configuration are facilely available and promising candidates for PSCs. More importantly, a practical solution is proposed to achieve moderate charge mobility and good film-formation ability of the HTMs simultaneously.
关键词： butadiene,hole-transporting materials,film morphology,charge transport,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Analysis on spectral radiative properties of micro-scaled rough ligament surface inside open-cell nickel foam
摘要： Accurately predicting the spectral radiative properties of ligament surface is vital for exploring the heat transfer inside open-cell foam materials. In this work, the complex morphology of ligament surface in open-cell nickel foam is reconstructed by analyzing the SEM scanning pictures of ligament surfaces. Then, the radiative parameters including the directional-hemispherical re?ectivity, directional-directional re?ectivity and proportion of specular re?ection of rough ligament surface in the waveband from visible to near infrared light are numerically predicted by applying the FDTD method. Furthermore, the effects of incident angle and wavelength on the predicted radiative properties are compared and summarized. Besides, a ?fth-degree polynomial is put forward for characterizing the directional-hemispherical re?ectivities under different incident angles and wavelengths. The distributions of directional-directional re?ectivities of ligament surface are compared and analyzed in order to predict the various value and dominated scope of re?ection peak in the specular re?ection direction. Additionally, the proportions of specular re?ection under different incident conditions are achieved properly and characterized by proposed mathematical formulas. This work is helpful for the multi-scale numerical prediction of radiative transfer inside open-cell nickel foams, which is bene?cial to further researches about engineering applications of open-cell foam materials.
关键词： Micro scaled morphology,Spectral radiative properties,Ligament surface,FDTD
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Two-dimensional Ruddlesdena??Popper layered perovskite for light-emitting diodes
摘要： Solution-processed metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted extensive attention due to the great potential application in energy-efficient lighting and displays. Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (2DRP) layered perovskites exhibit high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, improved film morphology, and enhanced operational stability over their three-dimensional counterparts, making them attractive for high-performance PeLEDs. In addition, 2DRP perovskite materials with a tunable exciton binding energy are suitable for preparing PeLEDs with color-tunability. In this perspective, we first introduce the merits of the 2DRP layered perovskites in terms of their structural characteristics. The progress in 2DRP PeLEDs is then reviewed. The challenges and new opportunities of the PeLEDs are finally discussed. We hope to open up new perspectives for rational designs of the 2DRP perovskite materials for PeLEDs with unprecedented efficiency and stability.
关键词： operational stability,film morphology,photoluminescence quantum efficiency,Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper layered perovskite,color-tunability,light-emitting diodes
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Effect of Laser Loop on Surface Morphology of Copper Substrate and Wettability of Solder Joint
摘要： The effect of different laser loop parameter on the geometry of micro-groove pattern on copper substrate and its effect on the wettability was investigated. The micro-grooves pattern was fabricated on the copper surface through laser surface texturing process. 3D measuring laser microscope and contact angle measurement test was conducted to measure the geometry of the micro-grooves pattern and wettability of the solder joint respectively. The results showed that the improvement in laser loop parameter increased the depth of the micro-grooves due to the more exposed time which allows more material ablation. It also showed that the contact angle of textured substrate is smaller than the untextured substrate which results in better wettability.
关键词： wettability,laser loop,copper substrate,solder joint,surface morphology
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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A Review on Reducing Grain Boundaries and Morphological Improvement of Perovskite Solar Cells from Methodology and Material‐Based Perspectives
摘要： Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved 25.2% of their certified efficiency and emerged as up-and-coming energy-harvesting candidates owing to their superior properties. However, perovskite films are mainly polycrystalline films, and thus, the formation of grain boundaries (GBs) is inevitable. Since GBs have numerous defect sites that provide a channel for ion migration, reducing GBs is highly significant for achieving high efficiency and long-term stability of PSCs. To this end, researchers have made efforts to produce a large crystal-based perovskite film with reduced GBs. In this study, various methods that decrease GBs and enhance the morphology of perovskites are summarized and categorized into methodology- and material-based approaches. Furthermore, a future research direction to produce high-quality and large grain-based perovskite film is also proposed.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,morphology,deposition methods,additive engineering,grain boundaries
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Selective Wet-Etching of Polymer/Fullerene Blend Films for Surface- and Nanoscale Morphology-Controlled Organic Transistors and Sensitivity-Enhanced Gas Sensors
摘要： Surface and nanoscale morphology of thin poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) ?lms are e?ectively controlled by blending the polymer with a soluble derivative of fullerene, and then selectively dissolving out the fullerene from the blend ?lms. A combination of the polymer blending with fullerene and a use of diiodooctane (DIO) as a processing additive enhances the molecular ordering of P3HT through nanoscale phase separation, compared to the pristine P3HT. In organic thin-?lm transistors, such morphological changes in the blend induce a positive e?ect on the ?eld-e?ect mobility, as the mobility is ~5–7 times higher than in the pristine P3HT. Simple dipping of the blend ?lms in butyl acetate (BA) causes a selective dissolution of the small molecular component, resulting in a rough surface with nanoscale features of P3HT ?lms. Chemical sensors utilizing these morphological features show an enhanced sensitivity in detection of gas-phase ammonia, water, and ethanol.
关键词： selective etching process,morphology,polymer blend,chemical sensor,organic thin-?lm transistor
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Conjugated Polymer Controlled Morphology and Charge Transport of Small-Molecule Organic Semiconductors
摘要： In this study, we report an effective approach to tune the crystallization, microstructure and charge transport of solution-processed organic semiconductors by blending with a conjugated polymer additive poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). When 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS pentacene) was used as a model semiconductor material to mix with different amount of P3HT, their intermolecular interactions led to distinctive TIPS pentacene film morphologies, including randomly-oriented crystal ribbons, elongated needles with enhanced long-range order, and grass-like curved microwires with interlinkages. Each type of morphology was found to further correlate to considerably different charge transport and device performance. As compared to pristine TIPS pentacene devices, bottom-gate, top-contact OTFTs with 2% in weight P3HT additive showed a 2-fold and 5-fold improvement of average field-effect mobility and performance consistency (defined as the ratio of average mobility to the standard deviation), respectively. The improvement in transistor electrical performance can be attributed to the combined effect of enhanced crystal orientation and uniformity, as well as increased areal coverage. This work can be applied beyond the particular example demonstrated in this study and to tune the charge transport of other small-molecule organic semiconductors in general.
关键词： OTFTs,TIPS pentacene,organic semiconductors,film morphology,P3HT,charge transport,conjugated polymer
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Solvents Effect on the Morphology and Stability of Cu/CuO Nanoparticles Synthesized at High Fluence Laser Ablation
摘要： Cu/CuO NPs were synthesized by ablating Cu target using nanosecond Nd:YAG pulsed laser operating at 1064 nm with 8 ns pulse duration in three different solvents viz: ethylene glycol (EG), deionized water (DI) and ethanol (Eth). The effects of these three solvents at high laser fluence of 40 J/cm2 was investigated to study the stability and morphology of nanoparticles using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The morphology of these nanoparticles are dependent on the physical properties of solvents (like viscosity, conductivity, polarity and enthalpy) used in laser ablation. EG and DI shows tadpole and necklace like structure whereas in Eth hollow structures were observed. The crystallinity of nanoparticles were confirmed by HRTEM, SAED and XRD analysis. In all the three solvents the characteristic absorption and emission peaks of Cu and CuO nanoparticles were observed and have been elaborately discussed in this paper. In addition, the detailed growth kinematics of nanoparticles involved in the process of laser ablation technique have been highlighted.
关键词： high fluence,Cu–CuO,laser ablation,morphology
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Improving Molecular Planarity by Changing Alky Chain Position Enables 12.3% Efficiency All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Carrier Lifetime and Reduced Recombination
摘要： Molecular stacking plays an important role in defining the active layer morphology in all-small-molecule organic solar cells (ASM OSCs). However, the precise control of donor/acceptor stacking to afford optimal phase separation remains challenging. Herein, the molecular stacking of a small-molecule donor is tuned by changing the alky chain position to match a high-performance small-molecule nonfullerene acceptor (NFA), Y6. The alky chain engineering not only affects the planarity of the small-molecule donor, but also the molecular aggregation and the active layer morphology, and thus the photovoltaic performance. Notably, single-junction ASM OSCs with 12.3% power conversion efficiency (PCE) are achieved. The PCE of 12.3% is among the top efficiencies of single-junction ASM OSCs reported in the literature to date. The results highlight the importance of fine-tuning the molecular structure to achieve high-performance ASM OSCs.
关键词： small molecules,molecular engineering,morphology,molecular planarity,organic solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Morphology correlated efficiency of ZnO photoanode in dye sensitized solar cell
摘要： We synthesized facile novel morphology of ZnO as nanobeads and hierarchical nanosheet ball by chemical bath deposition method. The ZnO nanobeads and hierarchical nanosheet ball exhibited band gap of 3.12 and 3.23 eV, respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated crystal structure of ZnO nanobeads and hierarchical nanosheet ball are same however, sintering induced slight compressive stress on ZnO leads to small shift in diffraction angles. Four fold increase in ef?ciency was obtained with ZnO hierarchical nanosheet ball as photoanode in DSSC in comparison to ZnO nanobeads.
关键词： Chemical bath deposition method,morphology variation,metal oxide semiconductor
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59