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Refractive Index Measurement of Lithium Ion Battery Electrolyte with Etched Surface Cladding Waveguide Bragg Gratings and Cell Electrode State Monitoring by Optical Strain Sensors
摘要： In this scientific publication, a new sensor approach for status monitoring, such as state of charge and state of health, of lithium ion batteries by using special Bragg gratings inscribed into standard optical glass fibers is presented. In addition to well-known core gratings, embedded into the anode of 5 Ah lithium ion pouch cells as a strain monitoring unit, the manufacturing of a surface cladding waveguide Bragg grating sensor incorporated into the cell’s separator, that is sensitive to changes of the refractive index of the surrounding medium, is demonstrated. On the basis of the experiments carried out, characteristics of the cell behavior during standard cyclization and recognizable marks in subsequent post-mortem analyses of the cell components are shown. No negative influence on the cell performance due to the integrated sensors have been observed; however, the results show a clear correlation between fading cell capacity and changes of the interior optical signals. Additionally, with the novel photonic sensor, variations in the electrolyte characteristics are determinable as the refractive index of the solution changes at different molar compositions. Furthermore, with the manufactured battery cells, abuse tests by overcharging were conducted, and it was thereby demonstrated how internal battery sensors can derive additional information beyond conventional battery management systems to feasibly prevent catastrophic cell failures. The result of the research work is an early stage photonic sensor that combines chemical, mechanical and thermal information from inside the cell for an enhanced battery status analysis.
关键词： lithium ion,battery aging,cladding waveguide,battery electrolyte,optical sensors,battery safety,fiber Bragg grating,electrode active material,status monitoring
更新于2025-11-28 14:23:57
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Genetically encoded fluorescent indicators for imaging intracellular potassium ion concentration
摘要： Potassium ion (K+) homeostasis and dynamics play critical roles in biological activities. Here we describe three genetically encoded K+ indicators. KIRIN1 (potassium (K) ion ratiometric indicator) and KIRIN1-GR are F?rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based indicators with a bacterial K+ binding protein (Kbp) inserting between the fluorescent protein FRET pairs mCerulean3/cp173Venus and Clover/mRuby2, respectively. GINKO1 (green indicator of K+ imaging) is a single fluorescent protein-based K+ indicator constructed by insertion of Kbp into enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). These indicators are suitable for detecting K+ at physiologically relevant concentrations in vitro and in cells. KIRIN1 enabled imaging of cytosolic K+ depletion in live cells and K+ efflux and reuptake in cultured neurons. GINKO1, in conjunction with red fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, enable dual-color imaging of K+ and Ca2+ dynamics in neurons and glial cells. These results demonstrate that KIRIN1 and GINKO1 are useful tools for imaging intracellular K+ dynamics.
关键词： FRET-based sensors,potassium ion imaging,single fluorescent protein sensors,intracellular K+ dynamics,genetically encoded indicators
更新于2025-11-21 11:24:58
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Site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals in a buried SiO <sub/>2</sub> matrix using ion beam mixing
摘要： For future nanoelectronic devices – such as room-temperature single electron transistors – the site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals (NCs) is a crucial prerequisite. Here, we report an approach to fabricate single Si NCs via medium-energy Si+ or Ne+ ion beam mixing of Si into a buried SiO2 layer followed by thermally activated phase separation. Binary collision approximation and kinetic Monte Carlo methods are conducted to gain atomistic insight into the influence of relevant experimental parameters on the Si NC formation process. Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy is performed to obtain quantitative values on the Si NC size and distribution in dependence of the layer stack geometry, ion fluence and thermal budget. Employing a focused Ne+ beam from a helium ion microscope, we demonstrate site-controlled self-assembly of single Si NCs. Line irradiation with a fluence of 3000 Ne+/nm2 and a line width of 4 nm leads to the formation of a chain of Si NCs, and a single NC with 2.2 nm diameter is subsequently isolated and visualized in a few nanometer thin lamella prepared by a focused ion beam (FIB). The Si NC is centered between the SiO2 layers and perpendicular to the incident Ne+ beam.
关键词： phase separation,Monte Carlo simulations,single electron transistor,ion beam mixing,helium ion microscopy
更新于2025-11-21 11:20:48
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Efficiency and Quality Issues in the Production of Black Phosphorus by Mechanochemical Synthesis: A Multi-Technique Approach
摘要： Black phosphorus (BP) is a two-dimensional material potentially of great interest for applications in the fields of energy, sensing, and microelectronics. One of the most interesting methods to obtain BP is the conversion from red phosphorus (RP) by means of high-energy mechanochemical synthesis. To date, however, this synthesis process was not well characterized. In this work, starting from the mathematical model of energy transfer during the ball milling process, we investigate the effects on RP → BP conversion of three experimental parameters, the rotation speed, the milling time, and the weight ratio between the spheres and the milled material (BtPw ratio). The efficiency of the conversion process was verified by solid-state NMR, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Whereas the first two parameters have a minor importance, the BtPw ratio plays a primary role in the RP → BP conversion. Yields approaching 100% can be obtained also with short milling times (15 min) and adequate rotation speed (e.g., 500 r.p.m.), provided that the BtPw ratio >40:1 is used. These results confirm the energy sustainability of the mechanochemical synthesis approach.
关键词： diffraction,solid-state NMR,anode,post-lithium ion batteries,Raman,mechanochemical synthesis
更新于2025-11-21 11:18:25
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A red fluorescent BODIPY probe for iridium (III) ion and its application in living cells
摘要： A new red fluorescent probe 1 based on BODIPY skeleton has been successfully synthesized through introduction of 2-(thiophen-2-yl) quinoline moiety at meso- and 3-position, which exhibits excellent optical performance, including high fluorescence quantum yield, large pseudo Stokes’ shift as well as high selectivity and sensitivity towards iridium (III) ion in aqueous solution and in living cells.
关键词： iridium (III) ion probe,fluorescence imaging,BODIPY probe
更新于2025-11-21 11:08:12
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Photoluminescence enhancement <i>via</i> microwave irradiation of carbon quantum dots derived from solvothermal synthesis of <scp>l</scp> -arginine
摘要： Photoluminescence enhancement of carbon quantum dots was achieved via solvothermal synthesis followed by microwave irradiation. Nitrogen and phosphorous doped carbon quantum dots were prepared by solvothermal heating of L-arginine with phosphoric acid for 12 hours followed by microwave irradiation for 3 minutes. The photoluminescence enhancement was nearly two fold after microwave irradiation. The morphology, structure, and surface properties were the same for the solvothermal (CQDs-S) as well as after microwave (CQDs-M) irradiation. Thus, the enhancement is attributed to the decrease of surface defects within CQDs, which led to a decrease in the non-radiative transitions. The CQDs were quenched selectively by Fe3+ ions. The quenching led to the fabrication of the fluorescence probe for ferric ion determination. The CQDs-M had a low detection limit of 4.0 nM, while CQDs-S had a limit of 50 nM. This study gives a tool for enhancing photoluminescence quantum yields, which is highly desired for biosensing and bioimaging applications.
关键词： Photoluminescence enhancement,Fluorescence probe,Solvothermal synthesis,Ferric ion determination,Microwave irradiation,Carbon quantum dots
更新于2025-11-19 16:56:42
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Homogeneous immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein based on the quenching of the fluorescence of quantum dots by antibody labelled with complexed copper ion tags
摘要： A homogeneous fluorescent immunoassay is described for the determination of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) relying on the interaction between copper ion complex and quantum dots (QDs). The copper ion complex-labelled antibody can be employed as a quencher of fluorescence of QDs and capture probe of AFP in homogeneous solution. The labelled antibody is mixed with QDs to form the immune ensemble probe. Upon the addition of AFP, the labelled antibody is stripped away from QDs by antigen-antibody combination leading to the increase in the fluorescence signal. Thus, the determination of AFP can be realized by fluorometry (best measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 360/520 nm). The fluorescence intensity shows a good linear relationship with the AFP concentration ranging from 40 to 640 ng mL?1, and the LOD is 26 ng mL?1. The proposed method provides a new approach to incorporate metal complexes into QD-based biomolecule sensing.
关键词： Stern-Volmer plot,Metal complex,DTPAA,Copper ion complex-labelled antibody,Fluorescence quenching
更新于2025-11-19 16:46:39
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Electrical conductivity and conduction mechanisms in (Na <sub/>0.5</sub> Bi <sub/>0.5</sub> TiO <sub/>3</sub> ) <sub/>1?x</sub> (BiScO <sub/>3</sub> ) <sub/>x</sub> (0.00 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.25) solid solutions
摘要： The electrical properties of (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)1-x(BiScO3)x (NBT-BS, 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) solid solutions are established by ac impedance spectroscopy and electromotive force transport number measurements. The bulk conductivity decreases with increasing BS incorporation but the oxide-ion transport number remains high (≥0.85) over a wide compositional range 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.15 and drops to ≈0.7 for x ≥ 0.20. NBT-BS solid solutions can only present either predominant oxide-ion conduction or mixed ionic-electronic conduction behaviour, indicating that oxide-ion conduction cannot be fully eliminated by incorporation of BS. This is in contrast from our previous study where incorporation of ≈7% BiAlO3 (BA) can fully suppress the oxide-ion conduction in NBT. The conductivity–composition relationships of NBT-BS solid solutions are attributed to a competing effect from lattice expansion, which enlarges the channel for oxygen ion migration, with trapping between B-site acceptor ions, Sc'Ti, and oxygen vacancies, V??O, which decreases oxygen ion migration. Comparisons between NBT-BS, NBT-BA and NBT-BiGaO3 (BG) solid solutions suggest that small acceptor ions on the B-site are more effective in trapping oxygen vacancies and consequently more effective to suppress the oxide-ion conduction and thus reduce dielectric loss at elevated temperatures.
关键词： transport number,electrical conductivity,solid solutions,sodium bismuth titanate,oxide-ion conduction,conduction mechanisms,impedance spectroscopy,BiScO3
更新于2025-11-14 17:28:48
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Latent tracks and novel infrared waveguide formation in lithium tantalate irradiated with swift heavy ions
摘要： In this work, the formation mechanisms of latent ion tracks and infrared-light waveguides in ion-irradiated LiTaO3 single crystals were comparatively studied using 200 MeV Kr17+ irradiation at a fluence of 1 × 1012 cm?2 and 247 MeV Ar12+ irradiation at fluences of 1 × 1012 cm?2 and 3 × 1012 cm?2. Because of the intense electronic energy loss, the produced lattice disorder and formed latent track were experimentally determined through complementary techniques, including the analysis of transmission electron microscopy patterns and Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectra. Corresponding to different ions with different irradiation energies and electronic energy losses, the related spatio-temporal evolutions of lattice temperatures in Kr17+- and Ar12+-irradiated LiTaO3 crystals were numerically calculated using the inelastic thermal spike model. The simulation results theoretically describe the experimentally observed lattice disorder and latent track behaviors. The lattice swelling in the latent-ion-track regions was demonstrated using high-resolution x-ray diffraction patterns; the lattice swelling resulted in a decrease in the refractive index, thereby providing a path to tailor the optical properties and fabricate the waveguide structure. Optical measurements and simulations indicated that the formed LiTaO3 waveguide could effectively support the guided modes and confine the light propagation, especially in the infrared region.
关键词： swift heavy ion irradiation,latent ion track,electronic energy loss,infrared waveguide
更新于2025-11-14 17:04:02
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Visible-light-triggered generation of persistent radical anions from perylenediimides: A substituent effect and potential application in photocatalytic reduction of Ag+
摘要： Three perylenediimide derivatives were reduced to their persistent radical anions in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) under ambient conditions by a visible light photoinduced electron transfer (PET). UV?vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were carried out to confirm the formation of radicals. The relationships between molecular structure, electrochemical property, phototransformation kinetics, and air stability of radical anions were investigated by the introduction of pyrimidine rings at the core position and fluoroalkylation substituents at the imide position. This study reveals that the electron-deficient pyrimidine rings and electron-withdrawing fluoroalkylation substituents can effectively enhance the phototransformation rate and the radical stability at ambient conditions. The effects of solvents and illuminance levels on the photoinduced reduction of perylenediimides were also studied. A photocatalytic reduction of Ag+ was successfully carried out using the perylenediimide with pyrimidine and fluoroalkylation substituents as catalyst upon irradiation with visible light.
关键词： Photocatalytic reduction,Perylene diimide derivative,Silver ion,Persistent radical anion,Visible light irradiation
更新于2025-11-14 17:03:37