- 标题
- 摘要
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- 实验方案
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Photovoltaic Module Reliability || Introduction
摘要： Photovoltaics (PVs) is the direct conversion of light into electricity. Typically, this means generation of electricity from sunlight, a renewable energy process without release of pollution or greenhouse gases. PV is one of the renewable energy sources that offers the potential to replace burning of fossil fuels and, therefore, to slow the growing effects of global climate change.
关键词： Module reliability,Renewable energy,Photovoltaics,PV modules,Solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Photovoltaic Module Reliability || Development of Accelerated Stress Tests
摘要： The chapter discusses the development of accelerated stress tests (ASTs) for photovoltaic (PV) modules to identify and mitigate field failure modes. It outlines various ASTs such as Thermal Cycling, Damp Heat, Humidity Freeze, UV Light Exposure, Static Mechanical Load, Cyclic (Dynamic) Mechanical Load, Reverse Bias Hot Spot Test, Bypass Diode Thermal Test, and Hail Test, detailing their parameters and the failure modes they address. The importance of ASTs in improving module reliability and lifetime is emphasized, along with the challenges in accelerating certain processes without altering the failure mechanisms.
关键词： Reverse Bias Hot Spot Test,UV Light Exposure,Damp Heat,Static Mechanical Load,Hail Test,Thermal Cycling,Photovoltaic Module Reliability,Accelerated Stress Tests,Humidity Freeze,Bypass Diode Thermal Test,Cyclic (Dynamic) Mechanical Load
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Photovoltaic Module Reliability || Failure Analysis Tools
摘要： Regardless of whether a module has degraded from field exposure or accelerated stress testing, it is important to understand what has actually changed within the module that led to lost peak power. If we want to use the results to improve the module construction so that future modules will not degrade, we must understand what particular changes have occurred. In this chapter, we will explore some of the methods used to better understand what has gone wrong within the module. Methods reviewed include, analysis of the I–V parameters, measurement of performance at different irradiances, visual inspection, Infrared (IR) Inspection, Electroluminescence (EL) and evaluation of adhesion. Each will be discussed in the subsections that follow.
关键词： Infrared Inspection,Electroluminescence,Adhesion,I–V Curve,PV Module,Failure Analysis,Visual Inspection
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Photovoltaic Module Reliability || Predicting PV Module Service Life
摘要： What the PV industry would like is one set of accelerated stress tests that when successfully passed would ensure that a particular module type could survive in the field for 25 years. Implicit in that statement is the assumption that the test sequence is reasonably short. Most people asking for such a test sequence are probably thinking in terms of a few months of testing with an answer that spans a reasonable range of years (something like 25–35 years). This is not likely to happen because not all modules are designed and made the same way, nor are they deployed in the same geographic locations, so they are likely to degrade or fail via different mechanisms at different rates. McMahon et al. [1] came to this same conclusion as early as 2000.
关键词： PV module,degradation,service life,failure modes,accelerated stress tests
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Fabrication of integrated spectrometer module based on optical waveguide platform with planar nano diffraction grating using UV imprint lithography
摘要： We proposed a simple and attractive integrated polymeric spectrometer module based on a planar optical waveguide platform that can be easily manufactured at a low cost. The proposed integrated spectrometer module comprises a planar optical waveguide with a concave mirror, a planar nano diffraction grating with a non-uniform pitch, an optical fiber, and a photodiode array. The nano diffraction grating and optical waveguide platform were precisely fabricated using the UV imprint lithography suitable for mass production. To provide uniform diffraction efficiency in the wavelength range of 400–650 nm, the nano diffraction grating had a quasi-three-dimensional V-shaped groove with a blazing angle of 22.5° and non-uniform pitches, maximum of 0.406 μm and minimum of 0.393 μm. In addition, the optical waveguide platform focuses the optical source to the nano diffraction grating using the concave mirror. The alignment guide pattern is used to align the nano diffraction grating and optical fiber. Through the packaging process of nano grating device, photo diode array and fiber on the planar optical waveguide platform, we manufactured the polymeric integrated polymeric spectrometer module. We confirmed that the fabricated planar spectrometer module had a resolution of 5 nm or less for spectral bandwidth of 250 nm, and it can be used widely in portable spectrometer sensors.
关键词： Integrated spectrometer module,UV imprint lithography,Planar optical waveguide,Nano diffraction grating
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Towards a Sub-9 fs, 3 mJ, CEP-Stable Multipass Ti:Sapphire Amplifier
摘要： A Taguchi-based genetic algorithm (TBGA) is adopted in an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to optimize the micro-structure parameters of backlight modules (BLMs) in liquid-crystal displays. The method reduces the number of experiments and accumulates the data that indicate performance quality of the modules. The TBGA selects appropriate membership functions and optimizes the premise and consequent parameters by minimizing the performance criterion of root-mean-squared error. The results indicate that the ANFIS with TBGA is significantly superior to ANFIS with particle swarm optimization, ANFIS with GA, and conventional ANFIS for designing the BLM model. Another role of the TBGA is optimizing micro-structure parameters for the backlight module. The results confirm excellent outcome of the TBGA-based ANFIS approach in terms of prediction accuracy, cost reduction, and luminance uniformity. Far more superior results were obtained when compared with those reported in the literature using conventional trial-and-error design methods and even Taguchi-based design methods. Fuzzy model in nature, our approach is applicable generally to industrial product designs and, thus, offers an effective route to solving problems in various industries.
关键词： backlight module,micro-structure parameter,Taguchi genetic algorithm,Adaptive network fuzzy inference system
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Changes of Photovoltaic Performance as a Function of Positioning Relative to the Focus Points of a Concentrator PV Module: Case Study
摘要： This article examines the positioning features of polycrystalline, monocrystalline, and amorphous silicon modules relative to the focus points of concentrator photovoltaic modules under real meteorological conditions using a dual tracking system. The performance of the photovoltaic modules mounted on a dual-axis tracking system was regarded as a function of module orientation where the modules were moved step by step up to a point where their inclination di?ered by 30? compared to the ideal focus point position of the reference concentrator photovoltaic module. The inclination di?erence relative to the ideal focus point position was determined by the perfect perpendicularity to the rays of the sun. Technology-speci?c results show the accuracy of a sun tracking photovoltaic system that is required to keep the loss in power yield below a de?ned level. The loss in power yield, determined as a function of the measurement results, also showed that the performance insensitivity thresholds of the monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon modules depended on the direction of the alignment changes. The performance deviations showed clear azimuth dependence. Changing the tilt of the modules towards north and south showed little changes in results, but inclination changes towards northwest, southwest, southeast, and northeast produced results diverging more markedly from each other. These results may make the planning of solar tracking sensor investments easier and help with the estimate calculations of the total investment and operational costs and their return concerning monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon photovoltaic systems. The results also provide guidance for the tracking error values of the solar tracking sensor.
关键词： solar module,tilt angle,sun-tracking sensor,sun-tracking,solar energy,azimuth angle
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Accelerating Photovoltaic Market Entry with Module Replacement
摘要： This work highlights an opportunity for emerging high-potential solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies to enter the market sooner than expected. PV modules are conventionally required to operate with minimal degradation for 25 years or more. We evaluate a PV system operating strategy that anticipates periodic replacement of all modules. Shorter-lived modules are later replaced with higher-performing, longer-lived modules, leading in many cases to a competitive levelized cost of electricity (LCOE).
关键词： Module Replacement,Emerging PV Technologies,Photovoltaic,LCOE,Market Entry
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Boosted mutation-based Harris hawks optimizer for parameters identification of single-diode solar cell models
摘要： In order to realize the performance of the PV model before being installed, it is often indispensable to develop reliable and accurate parameter identification methods for dealing with the PV models. Up to now, several stochastic methods have been proposed to analyze the feature space of this problem. However, some of the stochastic-based methods may present unsatisfactory results due to their insufficient exploration and exploitation inclinations, and the multimodal and nonlinearity existed in PV parameters extraction problems. In this paper, a Boosted Harris Hawk’s Optimization (BHHO) technique is proposed to achieve a more stable model and effectively estimate the parameters of the single diode PV model. The BHHO method combines random exploratory steps of evolution inspired by the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and a powerful mutation scheme of the differential evolution (DE) with 2-Opt algorithms. The proposed strategies not only help BHHO algorithm to accelerate the convergence rate but also assist it in scanning new regions of the search basins. The results demonstrate that the proposed BHHO is more accurate and reliable compared to the basic version and several well-established methods. The BHHO method was rigorously validated by using real experimental data under seven sunlight and temperature conditions. Furthermore, the statistical criteria indicate that the proposed BHHO method has lower errors among other peers, which is highly useful for real-world applications.
关键词： I–V characteristics,Photovoltaic module,Harris hawks optimization,Parameter extraction,Single-diode model
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Doping Strategy for Efficient and Stable Triple Cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells and Module Based on Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Hole Transport Layer
摘要： As the hole transport layer (HTL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) has been attracting great interest due to its low-cost, thermal stability, oxygen impermeability, and strong hydrophobicity. In this work, a new doping strategy is developed for P3HT as the HTL in triple-cation/double-halide ((FA1?x?yMAxCsy)Pb(I1?xBrx)3) mesoscopic PSCs. Photovoltaic performance and stability of solar cells show remarkable enhancement using a composition of three dopants Li-TFSI, TBP, and Co(III)-TFSI reaching power conversion efficiencies of 19.25% on 0.1 cm2 active area, 16.29% on 1 cm2 active area, and 13.3% on a 43 cm2 active area module without using any additional absorber layer or any interlayer at the PSK/P3HT interface. The results illustrate the positive effect of a cobalt dopant on the band structure of perovskite/P3HT interfaces leading to improved hole extraction and a decrease of trap-assisted recombination. Non-encapsulated large area devices show promising air stability through keeping more than 80% of initial efficiency after 1500 h in atmospheric conditions (relative humidity ≈ 60%, r.t.), whereas encapsulated devices show more than >500 h at 85 °C thermal stability (>80%) and 100 h stability against continuous light soaking (>90%). The boosted efficiency and the improved stability make P3HT a good candidate for low-cost large-scale PSCs.
关键词： perovskite interfaces,light soaking,photovoltaic module,polymeric hole transport materials,thermal stability
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59