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A Solution of Implicit Model of Series-Parallel Photovoltaic Arrays by Using Deterministic and Metaheuristic Global Optimization Algorithms
摘要： The implicit model of photovoltaic (PV) arrays in series-parallel (SP) configuration does not require the LambertW function, since it uses the single-diode model, to represent each submodule, and the implicit current-voltage relationship to construct systems of nonlinear equations that describe the electrical behavior of a PV generator. However, the implicit model does not analyze different solution methods to reduce computation time. This paper formulates the solution of the implicit model of SP arrays as an optimization problem with restrictions for all the variables, i.e., submodules voltages, blocking diode voltage, and strings currents. Such an optimization problem is solved by using two deterministic (Trust-Region Dogleg and Levenberg Marquard) and two metaheuristics (Weighted Differential Evolution and Symbiotic Organism Search) optimization algorithms to reproduce the current–voltage (I–V) curves of small, medium, and large generators operating under homogeneous and non-homogeneous conditions. The performance of all optimization algorithms is evaluated with simulations and experiments. Simulation results indicate that both deterministic optimization algorithms correctly reproduce I–V curves in all the cases; nevertheless, the two metaheuristic optimization methods only reproduce the I–V curves for small generators, but not for medium and large generators. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulation results for small arrays and validate the reference model used in the simulations.
关键词： partial shading,global optimization,series–parallel,deterministic optimization algorithm,implicit model solution,metaheuristic optimization algorithm,photovoltaic array
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Modeling the Functioning of the Half-Cells Photovoltaic Module under Partial Shading in the Matlab Package
摘要： In this paper, the usefulness of photovoltaic modules built of half cells for partially obstructed photovoltaic (PV) installations was analyzed based on veri?ed simulation studies. The parameters of these modules are similar to the classic, but the internal structure is di?erent. Instead of 60 cells in a typical classic PV module, there are twice as many cells in modules with half cells. A simulation model was built in the Matlab/Simulink engineering calculations package, using the “Solar Cell” component, which is a double-diode PV cell replacement model. The simulation model re?ects the internal structure of the PV module from half cells so that the output current is divided into two equal parts inside, and the structure of the module is divided into six sections. Simulation tests were performed for the same parameters that were measured during actual measurements of the current–voltage characteristics of the partially shaded PV module. Veri?cation tests were carried out for the photovoltaic module—JAM60S03-320/PR—using the I–V 400 meter. Four di?erent cases of partial shading of the module were veri?ed and one for the case of no shading, but in conditions di?erent from the standard, given by the manufacturer.
关键词： current–voltage characteristics,partial shading,photovoltaics,photovoltaic module
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Switched Capacitor-Coupled Inductor DCa??DC Converter for Grid-Connected PV System using LFCSO-Based Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
摘要： In this paper, the Levy °ight-based chicken swarm optimization (LFCSO) is proposed to follow the highest power of grid-joined photovoltaic (PV) framework. To analyze the grid-associated PV framework, the characteristics of current, power, voltage, and irradiance are determined. Because of the low yield voltage of the source PV, a big advance up converter with big productivity is required when the source PV is associated with the matrix power. A tale great advance up converter dependent on the exchanged capacitor and inductor is illustrated in this paper. The LFCSO algorithm with the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is used to generate the control pulses of the transformer-coupled inductor DC–DC converter-less switched capacitor. While using the switched capacitor-coupled inductor, the voltage addition is expanded in the DC–DC converter and the power of PV is maximized. Here, the normal CSO algorithm is updated with the help of Levy °ight functions to generate optimal results. To get the accurate optimal results, the output of the proposed LFCSO algorithm is given as the input of the ANFIS technique. After that, the optimal results are generated and they provide the pulses for the system. The working guideline is analyzed and the voltage addition is derived with the utilization of the proposed technique. From that point forward, it predicts the exact maximum power of the converter according to its inputs. Under the variety of solar irradiance and partial shading conditions (PSCs), the PV system is tested and its characteristics are analyzed in di?erent time instants. The proposed LFCSO with ANFIS method is actualized in Simulink/MATLABstage, and the tracking executing is examined with a traditional method such as genetic algorithm (GA), perturb and observe (P&O) technique–neuro-fuzzy controller (NFC) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) technique.
关键词： irradiance,Levy °ight-based chicken swarm optimization algorithm,partial shading conditions,transformer-less switched capacitor-coupled inductor DC–DC converter voltage,current,power,grid-connected PV,GA-NFC and FLC methods
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Simulation and experimental validation of fast adaptive particle swarm optimization strategy for photovoltaic global peak tracker under dynamic partial shading
摘要： The P–V characteristics of PV array has one peak under uniformly distributed irradiances. Whereas, there are many peaks in the P–V curve when the irradiance is not uniformly distributed over the PV array which is called “partial shading conditions (PSCs)”. Due to its robustness in tracking the global peak (GP) of many applications, metaheuristic techniques are used as maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for the PV system under PSCs. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been used in this paper for this purpose. Three problems associated with the PSO have been solved in this paper using a novel fast adaptive PSO (APSO) strategy. The problem of long convergence time has been solved by updating starting values of the duty ratio of the DC-DC boost converter to be at the anticipated places of peaks. This modification reduces the convergence time and avoids the premature convergence. The problem of stored GP in the memory will prevent the PSO from capturing the current GP in case of it is lower than the stored one. This problem is solved in this paper by updating the memorized GP with the current maximum power when it is not changed for two successive iterations. The third problem of sudden change in PSCs is solved by using the updated values of duty ratio at anticipated peaks as initial values for particles. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, these problems have not been discussed or solved before in the literature. A comparison to the state-of-the-art random initialization PSO strategy shows the superiority of the proposed APSO technique in terms of tracking speed and dynamic GP tracking. The results obtained from the simulation of this strategy proved its superiority in always tracking the GP under dynamic PSCs change.
关键词： Partial shading conditions,Photovoltaic,Dynamic irradiance change,Maximum power point tracker,Global peak,Adaptive particle swarm optimization
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) - Portland, OR, USA (2018.9.23-2018.9.27)] 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) - A Novel Differential Power Processing Architecture for a Partially Shaded PV String Using Distributed Control
摘要： This paper proposes a differential power processing (DPP) architecture applied to a series PV string which enables each PV element to operate at its local maximum power point (MPP) while processing only a small portion of its total generated power through the module integrated converters (MICs). The current processed through each converter is the difference between the local PV element MPP current and the local PV string current. This feature allows for a reduced current stress on the MIC components relative to the most common DPP topology. Thus, a higher system efficiency is realized at a reduced cost. A state space model of the proposed system is derived, and a comparison analysis is carried out with respect to the conventional DPP architectures. Additionally, a modular and compact design is proposed for a large number of PV panels in a series PV string. A hardware prototype is designed and built for 3 PV panels connected in series to validate the proposed architectures effectiveness and experimentally demonstrate its robustness. The modularity of the system is also tested to ensure low current and voltage stress on the MICs.
关键词： Distributed Control,maximum power point tracking (MPPT),Differential Power Processing,DC-DC Converters,Photovoltaic (PV) String,Partial Shading
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A High Performance Shade-Tolerant MPPT Based on Current-Mode Control
摘要： This paper proposes a high performance shade-tolerant maximum power point tracking (STMPPT) technique for DC-DC converter stage of photovoltaic (PV) applications. The average current-mode control (ACMC) is utilized to regulate the PV array current using two feedback control loops. The current-mode control is a superior scheme in control of DC-DC power electronic converters. The proposed STMPPT technique operates in two modes. The ACMC with the perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm functions in a local MPPT (LMPPT) mode under normal irradiance condition. When the PV array is likely to be partially shaded, a global MPPT (GMPPT) subroutine effectively scans the PV profile to optimize the PV system operation. This is achieved by implementing simple innovations to the ACMC-based P&O algorithm. The innovations benefit from useful observations of I-V characteristics. The idea behind using the I-V characteristics is to significantly reduce the search space, make the algorithm independent of shading conditions and PV array configuration, and inherently recognize the occurrence of partial shading conditions (PSCs). The proposed STMPPT technique enables very fast and reliable tracking of global maximum power point (GMPP). In addition, it can stably work under dynamic environmental change without losing correct sense of tracking direction. Its simplicity and independency would offer a viable solution for PV converter products. Simulation and experimental performance assessments are presented under different operating conditions that could happen in outdoor PV installations.
关键词： perturb and observe algorithm,partial shading condition,Photovoltaic system,current-mode control,shade-tolerant maximum power point tracking
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Number of maximum power points in photovoltaic arrays during partial shading events by clouds
摘要： This article presents a study of the number of maximum power points (MPPs) of photovoltaic (PV) module arrays during partial shading events by clouds. Around 9000 shadow edges were identified in measured irradiance data, and the electrical characteristics of 250 to 500 PV module arrays with different configurations were studied during the irradiance changes. It was found that most of the partial shading events caused by clouds do not cause multiple MPPs for PV arrays, even for a moment. The number of MPPs was found to decrease with the increasing number of parallel-connected PV strings, but to increase strongly with the increasing length of the strings. According to the results, the use of a total-cross-tied electrical PV array configuration leads to worse system performance compared to a simple series-parallel configuration during partial shading events. Dark shadows with sharp edges moving parallel to the PV strings caused the largest MPP numbers, up to 20. The results show that energy losses due to operation at a local MPP instead of the global one during partial shading events by clouds have only a minor effect on the total energy production of PV arrays.
关键词： Maximum power point,Photovoltaic Array,Partial shading,Irradiance change,Photovoltaic power generation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Butterfly optimization algorithm based maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic systems under partial shading condition
摘要： Because of dust, trees, high buildings in the surrounding area, partial shading conditions (PSC) occur in photovoltaic (PV) systems. This condition affects the power output of the PV system. Under PSC there is a global maximum power point (GMPP) besides there are a few local maximum power points (LMPP). This condition makes the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) procedure a challenging task. In order to solve this issue, soft computing techniques such as gray wolf optimization (GWO), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) are implemented. However, the performance of MPP trackers still needs to be improved. The main contribution of this paper is improving the tracking speed by implementing BOA to the MPPT of the PV system under PSC. Thus, in real-time applications a promising alternative presented to the literature to improve the performance of the PV systems under variable PSC because of its fast tracking speed. PV system consists of PV array, boost converter and load are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. BOA algorithm is implemented for three different insolation scenarios on the PV array. The results of the BOA algorithm verified by a comparative analysis with PSO-GSA and GWO algorithms. The results show that BOA can give high accuracy and better tracking speed than these algorithms in recent literature.
关键词： Partial shading,energy,MPPT,butterfly optimization algorithm,solar,photovoltaic
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Coordinated Control Strategy of a Combined Converter in a Photovoltaic DC Boost Collection System under Partial Shading Conditions
摘要： Series–parallel module technology can meet a DC converter’s requirements of high-power, large-capacity, and high step-up ratio in photovoltaic a DC boost collection system. However, the cascaded structure has the problem of voltage and current sharing between modules, and due to the duty cycle limitation of converters, the combined converters in the PV-converter unit have an unbalanced voltage, which may also exceed the voltage range under partial shading conditions (PSCs). First, aiming at the problems of voltage sharing, current sharing, and low modularity in the combined converter, this paper proposes a distributed control strategy. Then, by adopting a coordinated control strategy based on the sub-module cutting in and out, the problem that the combined converter cannot normally boost under PSCs was solved. The paper not only takes the advantages of the cascade structure of the combined converter to increase the power and voltage, but also improves its modularity to solve the problem of abnormal operation under uneven irradiation. This dramatically improves the adaptability of combined converters in a photovoltaic DC collection system. Finally, a small power experiment was carried out, where the experimental results veri?ed the e?ectiveness of the control strategy.
关键词： voltage-sharing and current-sharing control,partial shading conditions (PSCs),combined converter,photovoltaic DC boost collection system,coordinated control
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Reduction of electrical power loss in a photovoltaic chain in conditions of partial shading
摘要： The paper presents the problem of losses of electrical power in photovoltaic chains during partial shading. Photovoltaic modules work best when the illumination is uniform over the entire light-sensitive surface. If a part of this surface is illuminated to a lesser extent, it often ceases to be a part of the electricity generator, but constitutes a resistance. To minimize this phenomenon, PV modules use bypass diodes, e.g. covering several dozen cells in a photovoltaic chain. In addition, parts of the photovoltaic module surface with lower exposure to sunlight may be additionally illuminated with a mirror positioned to reflect light. The analysis uses a photovoltaic chain model implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The model describes the processes of electrical power generation in photovoltaic modules. The model corresponds to a laboratory photovoltaic system located in AGH in Cracow. In the presented model, each individual part may be illuminated with different light intensity. The light incident on the cells is a direct sunlight or light reflected from the mirror. The model allows for the analysis of the electrical power generated depending on the light profile of the photovoltaic system. The results of the model analysis may be applied in optimization of the PV modules’ configuration.
关键词： Partial shading,Modelling,Photovoltaic system,Sunlight reflection,Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59