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Photodynamic therapy versus systemic antibiotic for the treatment of periodontitis in a rat model
摘要： Backgroup: To compare the therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Toluidine blue O hydrogel versus systemic antibiotic (SA) in treating periodontitis on rats. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and treated differently: Negative Control (NC) group, normal rats; Positive Control (PC) group, rats with periodontitis; SA group, rats with periodontitis treated with systemic antibiotic; PDT group, rats with periodontitis treated with PDT. After treatment, Gingival sulcus bacterial load was measured by counting the colony forming units per milliliter (CFU ml-1). The tooth and periodontal tissues were histologically processed to analyze histological and immunohistochemical profile. Gingival samples were obtained to quantify interleukyn-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Results: Gingival sulcus bacteria load is significantly lower in PDT group compared to the SA group. The histological analysis showed that some extremely effective repair signs of periodontal tissue were presented in PDT group, such as no periodontal pocket, no bone resorption, few inflammatory cells, massive fibroblasts and collagen fibers. Several effective repair signs of periodontal tissue were also observed in SA group, such as shallow periodontal pocket, small amount of inflammatory cells, substantial fibroblasts and collagen fibers. There were lower COX-2, MMP-8 and RANK immunolabeling, higher OPG immunolabeling in PDT group compared with SA group. The IL-1β and TNF-α levels in PDT group were lower than those in NC group, but higher than those in SA group. Conclusions: PDT was effective to treat experimental periodontitis and was superior to systemic metronidazole as a treatment for periodontitis.
关键词： Cytokine(s),Reactive oxygen species (ROS),Antimicrobial(s),Periodontitis
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Evaluation of calculus imaging on root surfaces by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
摘要： Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to display calculus on root surfaces. Material and Methods: Ten teeth with calculus on the root surface were embedded in resin, omitting the root surface. A region of interest (ROI) was marked by small drill holes coronally and apically of the calculus and imaged by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography ([SD OCT], Telesto SP5, centre wavelength 1310 nm) and light microscopy (LM). To evaluate the impact of different fluids on calculus visualisation, using OCT, root surfaces were covered by a layer of NaCl and blood and displayed by OCT. Subsequently, teeth were completely covered with resin and sectioned for histological evaluation. Within the ROI, lengths of root surface and calculus were measured by LM and OCT, and the ratio [%] was calculated. In addition, at three sites of each ROI, agreement of presence and length of calculus was evaluated. Both methods were compared using Pearson’s correlation. Results: Regarding the presence of calculus, agreement between LM and OCT was strong (κi = 0.783, p = 0.033), and measurements regarding the length of the calculus were strongly correlated (ri >0.906; pi <0.001). However, the values differed for dry (p = 0.023) and NaCl-covered root surfaces (p = 0.035). Conclusion: Calculus on the root surface can be displayed by SD-OCT, which therefore may be suited as imaging technology for subgingival calculus in periodontal pockets.
关键词： Optical coherence tomography Periodontitis Subgingival calculus Diagnosis SD-OCT
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Evaluation of the clinical and biochemical efficacy of erbium, chromium:ytrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (ER,CR:YSGG) laser treatment in periodontitis
摘要： The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and biochemical efficacy of erbium, chromium:ytrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser treatment, in addition to non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT), in periodontitis patients. This was a single-centre, split-mouth, randomized, controlled 6-month clinical trial. Twenty-seven patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis were included in the study. The patients were randomly assigned to a debridement and laser treatment group or control group (debridement alone). Clinical measurements were performed at baseline and 1, 3 and 6 months post-treatment. The following parameters were measured: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume and IL-1β and MMP-8 levels in GCF. There were statistically significant clinical improvements in both groups, with no significant between-group differences in PD, CAL, PI and BoP clinical measurements (p < 0.05). As compared with the control group, the GI 1 and 3 months post-treatment and BoP 1 month post-treatment were significantly improved in the laser group (p < 0.05). There was also a significant reduction in IL-1 β levels in both groups at baseline versus those 1, 3 and 6 months later (p < 0.05) There was no statistically significant difference in IL-1β and MMP-8 levels between groups (p < 0.05). Both the treatment modalities resulted in significant improvements in clinical parameters. Within the limitations of this study, Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment applied in addition to NSPT is indicated to reduce clinical inflammation.
关键词： Er,Cr:YSGG,Periodontitis,Gingival crevicular fluid,IL-1β,MMP-8,Non-surgical periodontal treatment
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Monitoring of Virulence Factors and Metabolic Activity in Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans Cells Surviving Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy via Nano-Chitosan Encapsulated Indocyanine Green
摘要： Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an etiological agent frequently found in both chronic and aggressive periodontitis as well as peri-implantitis. This study assessed the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), as an alternative treatment modality, by nano-chitosan encapsulated indocyanine green (CNPs/ICG), as a photosensitizer, on the virulence features of cell-surviving aPDT against A. actinomycetemcomitans. The cell cytotoxicity effect of CNPs/ICG was evaluated on primary human gingival fibroblast cells. A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384 photosensitized with CNPs/ICG was irradiated with diode laser at a wavelength of 810 nm for 1 min (31.2 J/cm2), and then bacterial viability measurements were done. The biofilm formation ability, metabolic activity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assessed for cell-surviving aPDT. The effect of aPDT on the expression of the fieF virulent gene, encoding the ferrous-iron efflux pump, was evaluated by the quantitative real-time PCR. CNPs/ICG-aPDT resulted in a significant reduction of cell viability (91%), biofilm formation capacity (53%), and metabolic activity (48%) of A. actinomycetemcomitans when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, fieF gene expression was downregulated by 14.8 folds after the strains were treated with aPDT. The virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans strain reduced in cells surviving aPDT with CNPs/ICG, indicating the potential implications of aPDT for the treatment of A. actinomycetemcomitans infections in periodontitis and peri-implantitis in vivo.
关键词： peri-implantitis,nano-chitosan,Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans,antimicrobial photodynamic therapy,indocyanine green,periodontitis
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment in smokers: a randomized clinical trial
摘要： Objectives This study aims to investigate the additional influence of multiple applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in smokers with chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods Twenty smokers with chronic periodontitis were treated in a split-mouth design study with aPDT adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) or SRP. aPDT was performed by using a laser light source with 660 nm wavelength associated with a photosensitizer. The applications were performed in four episodes (at days 0, 2, 7, and 14). All patients were monitored for 90 days. Plaque index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were performed at baseline, 30, and 90 days after the SRP. Gingival crevicular fluid and subgingival plaque samples were collected for immunological and microbiological analysis, respectively. Data obtained were statistically analyzed. Results aPDT as an adjunct to SRP did not demonstrate statistically significant advantages on clinical parameters when compared with SRP alone. No statistic significant differences between groups were observed (p < 0.05). Levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and bacterial species were comparable in both groups at day 90 after treatment. Conclusion Periodontal treatment with SRP + aPDT in multiples episodes was not able to promote additional clinical, immunological, and microbiological benefits in smokers when compared SRP alone in patients with chronic periodontitis. Clinical relevance Multiple episodes of aPDT adjunctive to non-surgical treatment did not improve significantly the clinical, immunological, and microbiological parameters when compared with SRP alone. More randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate adjuvant therapies for scaling and root planning in smokers with chronic periodontitis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03039244
关键词： Photodynamic therapy,Periodontitis,Smoking,Laser
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Hypericin-glucamine antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the progression of experimentally induced periodontal disease in rats
摘要： Objective: To evaluate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using the photosensitizer hypericin-glucamine in the progression of experimentally induced periodontal disease (PD) in rats. Material and methods: Subgingival ligatures were inserted around the upper second molars of 30 rats. After 7 days (Baseline), the animals were randomly distributed into 3 experimental (n = 5) groups: Hypericin-glucamine; LED (amber LED, 700mA, 590nm, 90mW, 34.10 J/cm2); and aPDT (Hypericin-glucamine + LED). The treated hemimaxillae were randomly chosen. The periodontal disease progression was monitored without treatment interference in the opposite hemimaxillaes, which were used as the negative control of each animal. The euthanasia was programmed according to each experimental period, 7 or 15 days after the Baseline. Microtomographic, histometric and Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) immunohistochemistry analyses were carried out. Results: Computerized microtomography analyses indicated that the aPDT group had a significantly higher percentage of bone tissue when compared to the other 7 days experimental groups. This result was corroborated by the histometric evaluations of the furcal area. The LED-treated group presented the highest percentages of bone volume for the 15 days experimental groups, which is remarkably higher than the groups treated with Hy-g and aPDT. The histometric analyses demonstrated the control groups had greater bone loss in the proximal regions when compared to the treated groups. The aPDT led to a lower osteoclast activity at both 7 and 15 days. Thus, we can conclude that aPDT exhibits positive effects in PD treatment by promoting favorable conditions for periodontal repair.
关键词： Periodontitis,Hypericum,Phototherapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Is low level laser therapy or ozone therapy more effective for bone healing? Understanding the mechanisms of HIF-1?±, RANKL and OPG
摘要： Periodontitis is a common chronic infection of dental tissues. Ozone therapy (OT) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) are useful treatments for periodontitis. We investigated the effects of OT and LLLT on periodontal disease-induced bone destruction in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis (EP). We used 30 male Wistar rats divided into three groups: control, OT and LLLT. EP was induced by placing a 3.0 silk suture around the cervix of the left mandibular first molar tooth. OT was performed using an ozone generator at 80% concentration. LLLT was applied using a diode laser. Both OT and LLLT were performed for two weeks at two day intervals. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses also were performed. Alveolar bone loss was significantly less in the LLLT group compared to the control group. The number of HIF-1α positive cells was significantly less in the LLLT group compared to the control group. We found significantly fewer RANKL-positive cells in the OT group compared to the control group. The number of osteoprotegerin (OPG) positive cells was significantly greater for the LLLT group than for the control group. Although both treatments produced positive effects, LLLT appears to be more effective for increasing alveolar bone formation.
关键词： Bone healing,ozone therapy,RANKL,laser therapy,osteoprotegerin,periodontitis,rat,HIF-1α
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Effect of diode laser application as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy on the reduction of red complex microorganisms in type 2 diabetics with chronic periodontitis
摘要： Bactericidal and detoxification effects of diode laser (DL) have been reported in periodontal treatment. The objective of this study was investigating the additional effect of DL with nonsurgical periodontal treatment on the red complex bacteria in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Sixty type 2 DM patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) were randomly assigned in two parallel groups to receive scaling root planning (SRP, n = 30) or SRP followed by DL periodontal pocket irradiation (SRP + DL, n = 30). Recording of clinical parameters and subgingival plaque sampling were performed at baseline, and post therapy (1 and 3 months after treatment). Amounts of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia were evaluated with quantitative RT-PCR. Significant reductions for numbers of all three bacterial species were observed at 1 and 3 months compared with baseline for both treatments (p < 0.001), but no significant differences were found between two groups regarding bacterial reductions at these follow-up time points. No additional benefit of DL as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy was recognized in the reduction of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia for type 2 DM patients with CP. Further studies are required to clarify the effects of diode laser on the other periodontopathogens.
关键词： Nonsurgical periodontal treatment,Periodontopathogens,Diabetes mellitus,Diode lasers,Chronic periodontitis
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Human Clinical and Histologic Evaluations of Laser-Assisted Periodontal Therapy with a 9.3-??m CO2 Laser System
摘要： This investigation was designed to evaluate the healing response of 9.3-μm CO2 laser–assisted periodontal therapy. Five patients presenting with moderate to severe periodontitis, with an initial pocket depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm and with teeth predetermined to be surgically extracted, were enrolled and consented to treatment with full-mouth CO2 laser–assisted therapy. The laser treatment was carried out in the Ultraguide Mode at a setting of 0.25-mm spot size, with an average power of 0.65 to 1.15 watts and 20% mist. The laser tip was passed from the gingival margin and down apically to the base of the pocket with a sweeping L motion. The teeth were intensely scaled with piezoultrasonic instrumentation afterwards. A second pass of the laser tip was performed for the study teeth. At 9 months, all patients were clinically reevaluated. For sites with an initial pocket depth of ≥ 7 mm, a mean PD reduction of 3.97 ± 1.36 mm and a mean clinical attachment level gain of 3.54 ± 1.54 mm were achieved, resulting in a mean PD of 3.91 ± 0.77 mm. En bloc biopsy samples of four teeth were obtained and analyzed; two demonstrated histologic evidence of new bone formation while the other two healed with a long junctional epithelium with minimal inflammatory infiltrate. Further long-term clinical studies are needed to investigate the treatment stability obtained with a 9.3-μm CO2 laser compared to conventional surgical therapy. Nevertheless, the encouraging clinical results indicated that adjunctive use of the 9.3-μm CO2 laser–assisted periodontal therapy can be beneficial for treatment of periodontally compromised patients.
关键词： histologic evaluation,periodontal therapy,periodontitis,laser-assisted therapy,CO2 laser
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Photoexcitation triggering via semiconductor Graphene Quantum Dots by photochemical doping with Curcumin versus perio-pathogens mixed biofilms
摘要： Background: Recently, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an alternative treatment modality has been used adjunctively in the treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Photosensitizing agents in the form of nanoparticles have been designed for improving the e?ciency of aPTD. Graphene quantum dots are a special type of nanocrystals that can promote aPDT when coupled with curcumin (Cur). The main objective of the present study was to investigate the e?ects of photoexcited GQD-Cur on the metabolic activity of perio-pathogen mixed bio?lms. Materials and methods: GQD-Cur was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV–Vis), and X-ray di?raction (XRD). The cell cytotoxicity e?ect of GQD-Cur was evaluated on primary human gingival ?broblast (HuGu) cells. Perio-pathogen mixed bio?lms including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia photosensitized with GQD doped with Cur were irradiated with a blue LED at a wavelength of 435 ± 20 nm for 1 min, and then bacterial viability measurements were performed. The antimicrobial susceptibility pro?le, bio?lm formation ability, amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released, and variations of gene expressions involved in bio?lm formation were assessed. Results: The SEM, DLS, FTIR, UV–Vis spectrometry, and XRD pattern con?rmed that GQD-Cur was synthesized successfully. According to the results, GQD-Cur exhibited no cytotoxicity against HuGu cells. Photoexcited GQD-Cur resulted in a signi?cant reduction in cell viability (93%) and bio?lm formation capacity (76%) of peri-pathogens compared to the control group (P < 0.05). According to the results, a signi?cant concentration-dependent increase in the ROS generation was observed in perio-pathogens mixed cells treated with di?erent doses of GQD-Cur-aPDT. Moreover, rcpA, ?mA, and inpA gene expression pro?les were downregulated by 8.1-, 9.6-, and 11.8-folds, respectively. Conclusions: Based on the results, photoexcited GQD-Cur have a high potency of perio-pathogens suppression in planktonic and bio?lm forms and downregulation of the bio?lm genes expression pattern was exploited as a nanoscale-based platform for periodontitis.
关键词： Curcumin,Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy,Graphene Quantum Dot,Peri-implantitis,Periodontitis
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59