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Modeling apparent camouflage-pattern color using segment-weighted spectra
摘要： Camouflage patterns for military applications, typically upon base materials such as dyed fabrics, consist of highly detailed camouflage patternings that are characterized by combined refectance spectra. The complexity of these camouflage patterns establishes a need for modeling camouflage-pattern reflectance for pattern evaluation as a function of distance. A metric for pattern evaluation is the apparent-camouflage-pattern reflectance spectrum, which is the total reflectance due to all contributions from component segments, within a wavelength range of interest, for light reflected from sufficiently large fabric samples ( ≥ 1m2), as a function of stand-off distance. This follows in that camouflage patterns tend to lose contributions to the total reflectance from component segments, having less coverage, with increasing standoff distance. Eventually, with increasing distance, reflectance of pattern segments having more coverage combine to produce the “apparent spectrum” of the camouflage pattern at far field. The physical characteristics of camouflage-pattern reflectance spectra are based on far-field and diffuse scattering properties of electromagnetic waves. Accordingly, a modeling approach can be developed to simulate camouflage-pattern spectra using diffuse-reflectance theory, which is based on decomposition of camouflage-pattern reflectance with respect to component segments of camouflage patterns. This paper presents a modeling approach and prototype simulations of camouflage-pattern reflectance within the visible range of wavelengths, which are relevant for evaluating camouflage fabrics with respect to realistic field conditions. A significant aspect of this modeling approach is that it can be extended for simulation of a wide range of factors influencing detection of camouflaged targets.
关键词： apparent color,di?use re?ectance,Camou?age patterns,camou?age modeling
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Highly Dispersion Tailored Property of Novel Class of Multimode Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Assisted by Teflon and Metamaterial Layers
摘要： In this paper, we describe a novel dispersion tailored properties of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor assisted by Te?on and metamaterial layers. The dispersion property and the excitation methods of surface plasmon (SP) waves have been great signi?cance in sensor design. Most of the time, SPR sensor designed for biosensing has been dual mode and its side lobes in dispersion graph can signi?cantly reduce the sensitivity. We propose a design of as many as ?ve-mode SP sensor assisted by Te?on and metamaterial layers. A new sensing theory for exploring highly dispersion tailored properties of multilayer sensor structure is design for ef?cient biorecognition. The proposed design scheme is able to completely remove the side lobes in the dispersion graph by properly controlling the Te?on layer, thin gold ?lm, and metamaterial thickness for the case of multimode SPR sensor. To the best of our knowledge, dispersion tailored properties of multimode SP sensor assisted by Te?on and metamaterial layers together have not been explored and analyzed. The standard matrix method is applied to calculate the various performance parameters of the sensor. Experimental validation has been done with available results for a speci?c case.
关键词： matrix method,re?ectance,metamaterial,Te?on layer,Group velocity dispersion (GVD)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Probing hyperbolic polaritons using infrared attenuated total reflectance micro-spectroscopy
摘要： Hyperbolic polariton modes are highly appealing for a broad range of applications in nanophotonics, including surfaced enhanced sensing, sub-diffractional imaging, and recon?gurable metasurfaces. Here we show that attenuated total re?ectance (ATR) micro-spectroscopy using standard spectroscopic tools can launch hyperbolic polaritons in a Kretschmann–Raether con?guration. We measure multiple hyperbolic and dielectric modes within the naturally hyperbolic material hexagonal boron nitride as a function of different isotopic enrichments and ?ake thickness. This overcomes the technical challenges of measurement approaches based on nanostructuring, or scattering scanning near-?eld optical microscopy. Ultimately, our ATR approach allows us to compare the optical properties of small-scale materials prepared by different techniques systematically.
关键词： Hyperbolic polaritons,infrared attenuated total re?ectance micro-spectroscopy,hexagonal boron nitride,Kretschmann–Raether con?guration
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Introduction to reflectance confocal microscopy and its use in clinical practice
摘要： Re?ectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a novel technology that provides noninvasive, in vivo imaging of the skin at nearly histologic resolution. In 2016, the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) established reimbursement codes for RCM image acquisition and for the reading and interpretation of images. The combination of RCM imaging with dermoscopy has improved the accuracy of skin cancer diagnosis while reducing the number of biopsies of benign skin lesions. With that, we are starting to see more dermatologists and dermatopathologists using RCM in clinical practice. This editorial is to serve as an introduction on RCM imaging with a focus on its usefulness in both the diagnosis and management of skin cancers. We end by brie?y describing the characteristic RCM features of normal skin to serve as a building block for later cases that will explore both the bene?ts and drawbacks of incorporating RCM imaging for benign and malignant lesions.
关键词： innovative technology,noninvasive imaging,skin cancer,melanoma,re?ectance confocal microscopy,lentigo maligna,nonmelanoma skin cancer
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Reflectance confocal microscopy-guided carbon dioxide laser ablation of low-risk basal cell carcinomas: A prospective study
摘要： Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) treatment modalities can be strati?ed by tumor subtype and recurrence risk. The main limitation of nonsurgical treatment modalities is the lack of histopathologic con?rmation. Re?ectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive imaging device that provides quasihistologic images. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and ef?cacy of RCM-guided carbon dioxide (CO2) laser ablation of low-risk BCCs. Methods: Prospective study with biopsy specimeneproven low-risk BCCs imaged with RCM. RCM was performed on these sites before and after ablation. If residual tumor was found, a new series of laser passes were performed. The patients were then monitored for recurrence clinically and with RCM. Results: Twenty-two tumor sites in 9 patients (5 men, 4 women) were imaged and treated. Median age was 59 6 12.9 years (range, 30-74 years). Mean tumor size was 7.7 mm (range, 5-10 mm). Residual tumor was identi?ed in 5 of 22 cases (22.7%) under RCM on immediate ?rst-pass postablation sites, prompting additional laser passes. Median follow-up was 28.5 months (range, 22-32 months) with no recurrences found. Conclusions: Addition of RCM to laser ablation work?ow can detect subclinical persistent tumor after initial ablation and may serve as an aid to increase the ef?cacy of laser ablation.
关键词： laser,basal cell carcinoma,carbon dioxide laser,ablation,diagnosis,follow-up,re?ectance confocal microscopy,treatment
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) - Waikoloa, HI, USA (2019.12.9-2019.12.13)] 2019 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) - Improving QKD for Entangled States with Low Squeezing via Non-Gaussian Operations
摘要： This study investigates standard and regional algal pigment index 1 (API1) estimates in the Atlantic off the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Standard API1 data are those delivered by the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) orbiting sensor. Equivalent quantities are computed by applying a regional inversion scheme using as input both MERIS and in situ remote sensing re?ectances (Rrs). Reference data for the development of the regional algorithm and for the analysis of tested products include ?eld measurements of total concentration of chlorophyll a (TChla) and coincident Rrs values collected at different distances from the coast. Validation results, based on matchup analysis, identi?es a systematic overestimation of standard API1 versus the reference TChla values. The additional comparison of product maps in selected regions of interest con?rms this tendency and demonstrates the feasibility and relevance of using regional algorithms for investigating spaceborne products. Analogous applications are hence devised for the early-stage evaluation of the forthcoming Sentinel-3/OLCI data products.
关键词： remote sensing re?ectance,Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) algal pigment index 1 (API1),ocean color,multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural nets
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Display Technology 2019: Never a Dull Moment
摘要： This study investigates standard and regional algal pigment index 1 (API1) estimates in the Atlantic off the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Standard API1 data are those delivered by the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) orbiting sensor. Equivalent quantities are computed by applying a regional inversion scheme using as input both MERIS and in situ remote sensing re?ectances (Rrs). Reference data for the development of the regional algorithm and for the analysis of tested products include ?eld measurements of total concentration of chlorophyll a (TChla) and coincident Rrs values collected at different distances from the coast. Validation results, based on matchup analysis, identifies a systematic overestimation of standard API1 versus the reference TChla values. The additional comparison of product maps in selected regions of interest confirms this tendency and demonstrates the feasibility and relevance of using regional algorithms for investigating spaceborne products. Analogous applications are hence devised for the early-stage evaluation of the forthcoming Sentinel-3/OLCI data products.
关键词： ocean color,remote sensing re?ectance,Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) algal pigment index 1 (API1),multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural nets
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) - Québec City, QC, Canada (2019.9.16-2019.9.19)] 2019 International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) - Real-Time Multi-Material Reflectance Reconstruction for Large-Scale Scenes Under Uncontrolled Illumination from RGB-D Image Sequences
摘要： Real-time re?ectance reconstruction under uncontrolled illumination conditions is well-known to be a challenging task due to the complex interplay of scene geometry, surface re?ectance and illumination. Nonetheless, recent works succeed in recovering both unknown re?ectance and illumination in an uncontrolled setting. However, they are either limited regarding the scene complexity (single objects / homogeneous materials) or are not suitable for real-time applications. Our proposed method enables the recovery of heterogeneous surface re?ectance (multiple objects and spatially varying materials) in complex scenes at real-time frame rates. We achieve this goal in the following way: First, we perform a 3D scene reconstruction from an input RGB-D stream in real-time. We then use a deep learning based method to estimate Ward BRDF parameters from observations gathered from individual segmented scene objects. Subsequently we re?ne these re?ectance parameters to allow for spatial variations across the object surfaces. We evaluate our method on synthetic scenes and successfully apply it to real-world data.
关键词： deep learning,RGB-D image sequences,Ward BRDF parameters,uncontrolled illumination,Real-time re?ectance reconstruction
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Methods of extraction of optical properties from diffuse reflectance measurements of ex-vivo human colon tissue using thin film silicon photodetector arrays
摘要： Spatially resolved di?use re?ectance spectroscopy (SRDRS) is a promising technique for characterization of colon tissue. Herein, two methods for extracting the reduced scattering and absorption coe?cients (μ(cid:48) s(λ) and μa(λ)) from SRDRS data using lookup tables of simulated di?use re?ectance are reported. Experimental measurements of liquid tissue phantoms performed with a custom multi-pixel silicon SRDRS sensor spanning the 450 - 750 nm wavelength range were used to evaluate the extraction methods, demonstrating that the combined use of spatial and spectral data reduces extraction error compared to use of spectral data alone. Additionally, SRDRS measurements of normal and tumor ex-vivo human colon tissue are presented along with μ(cid:48) s(λ) and μa(λ) extracted from these measurements.
关键词： optical properties,Spatially resolved di?use re?ectance spectroscopy,colon tissue,Monte Carlo simulation,lookup tables
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Objective determination of skin phototypes in healthy children by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
摘要： Introduction: The clinical method of evaluating the color of the skin based on visual assessment is subjective and thus inaccurate. The objective determination of skin phototypes and levels of melanin in the skin is important for diagnosing the pigment disorders and also for adequate photoprotection. Diffuse re?ectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a non-invasive, precise and objective method for quantifying the melanin levels. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the characteristic DRS spectrum of healthy skin in children and to detect the differences between them based on age, gender and skin phototype. Material and methods: Skin pigmentation was measured by DRS in 73 children patients with experimental spectrophotometer UM-ES600. The amount of melanin is quanti?ed from the obtained DRS spectra by proposed melanin quanti?cation angle α obtained by comparing the re?ectance properties of skin sample and universal depigmented sample (albino skin). Results: We evaluated spectroscopic characteristics of children’s healthy skin depending on age, gender and phototype. The value of melanin quanti?cation angle α grew proportionally from phototype I to phototype IV, without any correlation to age or gender. We con?rmed a clear association between clinical determination of Fitzpatrick’s skin phototypes and objective data collected by DRS and related angle α. Conclusions: Our proposed index quanti?es the difference in melanin levels in healthy children skin and also for different skin phototypes. The proposed method and melanin quanti?cation angle α can further be used for the objecti?cation of the progress of pigmentary diseases or for monitoring the effect of their therapy (Tab. 5, Fig. 4, Ref. 29). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.
关键词： melanin quanti?cation angle α,quanti?cation of skin melanin,diffuse re?ectance spectroscopy,skin phototypes
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36