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22.2: <i>Invited Paper:</i> Sputtered Molybdenum-Oxide for Anti-Reflection Layers in Displays: Optical Properties and Thermal Stability
摘要： Molybdenum (Mo) is commonly used for thin film transistor (TFT) metallization in displays. Apart from its outstanding electronic and adhesive properties in the metallic form, it also possesses stable oxidation states, including sub-stoichiometric oxides. Depending on the amount of oxygen, the properties can be widely tuned and oxygen-deficient MoO3-y films can be electrical conducting and optically absorbing, making them suitable candidates for integration as low-reflection coatings for on/in cell touch, black matrix on array, narrow bezel, or TFT metallization. Deposition of these oxides by fully reactive sputtering from metal targets implies several problems such as lateral inhomogeneities on large substrates (>G5) and difficult control of oxygen flow. To avoid these obstacles, DC-sputtering from ceramic Molybdenum oxide targets without the addition of oxygen gas is proposed. In our work, we show the non-reactive DC-sputtering of MoOx:TaOx in a stable and reliable process with deposition rates of up to 180 nm/min. Further on, the electrical, optical, and structural properties of the resulting films are studied. The reflectance of light from external sources and the resulting color impression of the dark layer coatings is investigated on different substrates. The color coordinates of the film can be tuned by the layer thickness, the type of covered metal layer (e.g. Cu, Al, Mo), as well as composition of the oxide. From a process stability point of view, we discuss changes during additional annealing steps, and show structural changes at elevated temperatures.
关键词： Ceramic Target,Molybdenum,Sputter Deposition,Low Reflectance,Narrow Bezel,Oxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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A detail preserving variational model for image Retinex
摘要： In this paper, we propose a detail preserving variational model for Retinex to simultaneously estimate the illumination and the reflectance from an observed image. Most previous models use the log-transform as pretreatment which results in loss of details in reflectance. From this observation, a detail preserving variational method is proposed for better decomposition. Different from the log-transform based models, the proposed model performs the decomposition directly in the image domain. Mathematically, we prove the existence of a solution for the proposed model. Numerically, we derive an efficient iterative algorithm by utilizing alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) method. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with other closely related Retinex methods, the proposed method achieves competitive results on both subjective and objective assessments.
关键词： Reflectance,Retinex,Illumination,Variational model,Image decomposition
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Investigation of gamma irradiation effects on the properties of CdS/p-Si heterostructure
摘要： Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films were deposited on p-type Si substrate by thermal evaporation to fabricate the CdS/p-Si heterojunction. Gamma irradiation has been used to modify the microstructural, optical and electrical characteristics of CdS/p-Si heterojunction of various doses in the range (0–80 kGy). X-ray diffraction measurements of the gamma irradiated show the reduction in crystallinity of the CdS thin films. While scanning electron microscope images depicted the average CdS particle size was found to be increased with increasing the gamma irradiation dose. Photoluminescence results revealed that at the specific dose of gamma irradiation was found to create the yellow emission in interstitial sites to the valence band. The I–V characteristics showed the current transport properties effected by the different gamma doses. The values of barrier height, saturation current and ideality factor for the CdS/p-Si heterostructure varied due to the causes like inhomogeneities in the interfacial, defect density, charge distribution on interfacial and interfacial layer thickness after gamma irradiation. The gamma irradiation induced effects and the possible mechanism in CdS/p-Si heterojunction is discussed.
关键词： Heterostructure,Diffuse reflectance,Photoluminescence,Gamma irradiation,Thermal evaporation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Green method by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and spectral region selection for the quantification of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in pharmaceutical formulations
摘要： An alternative method for the quantification of sulphametoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and partial least square regression (PLS) was developed. Interval Partial Least Square (iPLS) and Synergy Partial Least Square (siPLS) were applied to select a spectral range that provided the lowest prediction error in comparison to the full-spectrum model. Fifteen commercial tablet formulations and forty-nine synthetic samples were used. The ranges of concentration considered were 400 to 900 mg g-1 SMZ and 80 to 240 mg g-1 TMP. Spectral data were recorded between 600 and 4000 cm-1 with a 4 cm-1 resolution by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The proposed procedure was compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained from the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), during the validation of the models for samples of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) using siPLS, demonstrate that this approach is a valid technique for use in quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. The selected interval algorithm allowed building regression models with minor errors when compared to the full spectrum PLS model. A RMSEP of 13.03 mg g-1 for SMZ and 4.88 mg g-1 for TMP was obtained after the selection the best spectral regions by siPLS.
关键词： green analytical method,diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy,interval partial least squares (iPLS),chemometrics,synergy partial least squares (siPLS),high performance liquid chromatography
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Performance comparison between a miniaturized and a conventional near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectrometer for characterizing soil carbon and nitrogen
摘要： Miniaturized near infrared spectrometers are now available, at more affordable prices than conventional spectrometers, but their performances have been poorly studied to date. This paper aimed at comparing the performances of the JDSU MicroNIR 2200 spectrophotometer (weight < 0.1 kg) with those of a conventional bench-top instrument for predicting carbon and nitrogen contents in laboratory conditions, on a range of representative Malagasy soils. Though its noticeably narrower and less resolved spectra (1151–2186 nm at 8.15 nm step vs. 1100–2498 nm at 2 nm step), the microspectrometer yielded predictions in independent validation that were almost as accurate as those of the conventional instrument (standard errors of prediction were 4.6 vs. 3.4 gC kg?1 after bias correction, and 0.36 vs. 0.35 gN kg?1, respectively). Due to noisy features, the MicroNIR spectra needed mathematical pretreatment (e.g. standard normal variate SNV), and bias correction for C, for providing accurate predictions, while the raw absorbance spectra from the conventional instrument did not. Furthermore, building multivariate models with MicroNIR spectra required less latent variables than with their conventional counterparts, and these models were less prone to performance degradation when applied to independent validation samples. Fitting the spectra of the conventional instrument to those of the MicroNIR (1150–2182 nm at 2 or 8 nm step) showed that (moderately) less accurate MicroNIR predictions could be firstly attributed to narrower spectral range rather than to poorer resolution. Considering their performances, such microspectrometers could thus represent a cost-effective alternative to conventional spectrometers. They have now to be tested in field conditions.
关键词： Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS),Soil organic carbon,Madagascar,Soil total nitrogen,Microspectrometer
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A miniaturized, tethered, spectrally-encoded confocal endomicroscopy capsule
摘要： The tethered spectrally-encoded confocal endomicroscopy (SECM) capsule is an imaging device that once swallowed by an unsedated patient can visualize cellular morphologic changes associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases in vivo. Recently, we demonstrated a tethered SECM capsule for counting esophageal eosinophils in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in vivo. Yet, the current tethered SECM capsule is far too long to be widely utilized for imaging pediatric patients, who constitute a major portion of the EoE patient population. In this paper, we present a new tethered SECM capsule that is 33% shorter, has an easier and repeatable fabrication process, and produces images with reduced speckle noise.
关键词： spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,confocal endomicroscopy,eosinophilic esophagitis,reflectance confocal microscopy,esophageal imaging,tethered capsule endomicroscopy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Infrared Spectroscopy on Electronic Structures of Platinum-group Metal Pernitrides MN2 (M = Ru, Rh, Ir, and Pt)
摘要： The electronic structures of platinum-group metal pernitrides MN2 (M = Ru, Rh, Ir, and Pt) were investigated via synchrotron radiation infrared spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. Measured reflectance spectra of marcasite-type RuN2 and RhN2 showed Drude-like responses, approaching 1 as the photon energy was decreased, whereas reflectance of arsenopyrite-type IrN2 and pyrite-type PtN2 became ~0.3 in the low photon energy region with a few features. These findings agreed well with the predictions of the metallic nature of marcasite-type RuN2 and RhN2 and the semiconducting properties of arsenopyrite-type IrN2 and pyrite-type PtN2, respectively. The measured reflectance spectra were also reasonably consistent with the calculated optical responses. The band gaps of IrN2 and PtN2 were estimated to be 0.8 and 2.1 eV, respectively, via first-principles calculation with a modified Becke–Johnson (MBJ) potential for the exchange potential.
关键词： first-principles calculation,platinum-group metal pernitride,infrared reflectance spectra,valence band electronic structure
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Caracterización Espectral y Detección de Flecha Seca en Palma Africana en Puntarenas, Costa Rica
摘要： During the last decades, precision agriculture has observed significant technical progress that has permitted better management of farming, optimizing resources and applied inputs. Within the scope of geomatics, land optical sensors have allowed to expand and increase knowledge on the spectral behavior of the crops under study, providing increased benefits in the application of treatments and pest or disease prevention. The objective of this work was to characterize the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), by means of field radiometry-spectrum, in healthy plants, as well as in plants affected by bud rot. The study was conducted between March and May 2016 in African oil palm farms in Parrita, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. A hyperspectral land sensor, with a 325-1075 nm wavelength range (visible and near-infrared spectrum), was used. In general, plants in healthy phytosanitary condition, which also had a treatment of “fertilization+irrigation”, presented the highest reflectivity curves: around 0.7%. The bud rot influence in the reflectance curve of the plants had, in most cases, a greater weight than the type of treatment to which they are subjected. It thus confirms the possibility of detecting the bud rot pathology through reflectance spectroscopy in conditions of field work, the main goal of this research.
关键词： Spectroscopy,land optical sensors,reflectance,near infrared
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing LLC PROGRESS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROCEEDINGS - Bali, Indonesia (29 September–1 October 2015)] - Reflectance imaging by fiber bundle endoscope: Vertical reconstruction by multipositional illumination
摘要： Fiber bundles for imaging internal organs with minimum physical damage have been increasingly developed for both basic life sciences and clinical applications. Reflectance imaging is possible using fiber bundles for detecting the intrinsic optical contrast of blood vessels and tissue structure. The placement of an illumination source adjacent to imaging optics causes scattered light from deeper tissue layers to illuminate superficial tissues and results in a reflectance image. However, it does not have focal capacity and lacks depth resolution. In this study, we performed spatial analysis for the vertical reconstruction of in vivo tissues using a multipositional illumination scheme. The observed image corresponded to the “shadow” of a target object. When we manipulated the location of illumination, the shadow moved horizontally depending on the depth of the target. We used this horizontal displacement as a cue and successfully performed the vertical reconstruction of mouse brain blood vessels.
关键词： Fiber optics,Reflectance imaging,Endoscopy
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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[IEEE IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Valencia, Spain (2018.7.22-2018.7.27)] IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Intercomparison of Field Methods for Acquiring Ground Reflectance at Railroad Valley Playa for Spectral Calibration of Satellite Data
摘要： Ground reflectance was acquired at the Railroad Valley Playa calibration site in Nevada USA using different methods of collection. The data was collected near the time and date of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 satellite overpasses so an inter-comparison could be made with the reflectance products to determine which method was more suitable for vicarious calibration. The field spectrometers and reference panels were characterized before the field campaign. A continuous acquisition method was compared to stop and measure collections. Both acquisition methods were collected along an 80 m east-west transect as well as for a series of north-south transects over an 80 x 320 m area, with the stop and measure method being performed at random sampling locations. The measurements were performed using two field spectrometers by three teams of two people to compare the repeatability. The aim of the field campaign was to determine the variability due to the operator and the method of collection.
关键词： Railroad Valley Playa,spectrometer,vicarious calibration,reflectance
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21