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Preparation of Monodispersed Nanoparticles of Transparent Conductive Oxides
摘要： Generally, indium-tin-oxides (ITO) thin film is prepared by the sputtering process with ITO target, but only 20 % of ITO yielded from the target is deposited on the substrate. Namely, about 80 % ITO is exhausted by the deposition elsewhere far from the substrate. The recycling process of indium is limited so that ca. 20 % ITO of the starting material is lost without any recovery. Even if the recycling of ITO has been carried out in this process, we should prepare ITO target of 5 times more than apparent use of ITO on film. If we change it to printing process from the sputtering, the reduction in ITO use is expected as ca. 50 %, considering the increase in film thickness by printing. Our target technology also includes ITO nanoink for the project. As a result, monodispersed ITO nanoparticles (NPs) with a cubic shape were fabricated by using quaternary ammonium hydroxide-assisted metal hydroxide organogels. These NPs have perfect uniformity in size with beautiful shape, and perfect single crystalline structure including Sn. As we were attempted to make thin film with ITO nanoink, it was successfully fabricated below 200 nm in thickness and the resistivity was drastically decreased below 1.0 × 10–3 Ω cm after heat treatments. GZO nanoink as substitute of ITO has also been developed.
关键词： indium tin oxide,transparent conductive oxides,uniform nanoparticles,shape control
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Electronic mobility and crystal structures of 2,5-dimethylanilinium triiodide and tin-based organic-inorganic hybrid compounds
摘要： We synthesize single crystals of a new 2,5-dimethylanilinium tin iodide organic-inorganic hybrid compound and 2,5-dimethylanilinium triiodide. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the hybrid grows as a unique rhombohedral structure consisting of one-dimensional chains of SnI6-octahedra that share corners and edges to build up a ribbon along the [111] direction. Notably, we find that hypophosphorous acid, H3PO2, is of central importance to the formation of this hybrid. In the absence of H3PO2, we synthesize 2,5-dimethylanilinium triiodide from the same starting compounds. We investigate the synthesis routes that drive the growth of these two compounds with distinct crystal structures, appearance and properties. Pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements and density functional theory calculations reveal that both compounds have low charge carrier mobilities and very long lifetimes, consistent with their one-dimensional structural characteristics. Our findings give a better understanding of the relation between synthesis, crystal structures and charge carrier mobilities.
关键词： Tin iodide,Single-crystal XRD,Organic-organic hybrids,Microwave conductivity,Hypophosphorous acid,Triiodide
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Ion beam measurements for the investigation of TiN thin films deposited on different substrates by vacuum arc discharge
摘要： Titanium nitride thin films were deposited on different substrates using vacuum arc discharge system. Simultaneous ion beam analysis measurements including elastic backscattering (EBS) and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA); were applied for both composition analysis and thickness measurements of the prepared TiN films. Experimental conditions have been optimized to avoid overlapping of peaks of different nuclear reactions products, especially those related to interaction between ion beam and light elements present in totally different substrates. Independent compliment measurements utilizing time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis (TOF-ERDA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were also applied to verify the experimental findings obtained by EBS and NRA measurements. The results have shown that all prepared TiN films have N/Ti ratio of around 1, with low levels of contamination elements.
关键词： IBA,TiN film,XRD,Substrates,SEM/EDX,Vacuum arc discharge
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Effect of Na doping on structural and optical properties in Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films synthesized by thermal evaporation method
摘要： Quaternary chalcogenide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) compound, a potential material for application as absorber layer in thin film solar cells, is synthesized by direct melting of the constituent elements taken in stoichiometry compositions. Alkali element Na was incorporated into CZTS thin films synthesized by thermal evaporation method, in order to further improve the structural and optical properties. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Energy dispersive spectrometry and optical spectrophotometry were used to characterise the phase purity and optical properties. It showed that the diffusion of Na ions is uniform in the films after annealing. XRD analysis showed that CZTS films possess polycrystalline structure with [221] preferred orientation. Na ions incorporation in CZTS thin films could improve the cristallinity, the graine size and the absorption coefficient. For CZTS: Na 5%, optical results revealed higher absorption coefficient (>105 cm-1) and direct optical band gap of 1.56 eV with p-type conductivity.
关键词： Semiconductors,Sodium doping,Structural properties,Optical properties,Copper zinc tin sulfide,Thin films,Thermal evaporation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Effect of the synthesis method on the properties of lithium doped graphene oxide composites with tin oxide nanoparticles: Towards white luminescence
摘要： Graphene oxide (GO) based composites functionalized with nanoparticles are emerging as potential candidates for multifunctional devices. As the synthesis route can strongly influence the way in which the nanoparticles are anchored to GO and the resulting properties, different routes have been employed and evaluated in this work for the preparation of composites formed by GO and undoped or Li doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Promotion of synergetic effects, as well as changes in the structural and luminescent properties of the composites have been also analyzed. In comparison with GO, composite samples synthesized in this work involve enhanced luminescence while retaining nearly white emission, which could lead to wider applicability of GO based composites in free standing and emitting and sensing devices. Aspects, such as GO reduction, stabilization of different Sn-based oxides, variation in the concentration of oxygen related functional groups, changes in the sp2 domain sizes, incorporation of lithium and enhancement of the luminescence, have been analyzed in this work by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL) characterizations.
关键词： Nanoparticles,Lithium,Tin oxide,Nanomaterials,Luminescence,Composite
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Atomic layer deposition of ultrathin indium oxide and indium tin oxide films using a trimethylindium, tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin, and ozone precursor system
摘要： Indium oxide (IO) and indium tin oxide (ITO) are widely used in optoelectronics applications as a high quality transparent conducting oxide layer. A potential application of these coatings is for enhancing the electrical properties of spacecraft thermal radiator coatings, where dissipating built-up static charge is crucial. In this work, the authors investigated the thickness-dependent electrical and optical properties of IO thin films synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with the aim of finding the optimum condition for coating radiator pigments. Trimethylindium and ozone were used as precursors for IO, while a tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin(IV) source was used for Sn doping to produce ITO. As-deposited IO films prepared at 140 °C resulted in a growth per cycle of ~0.46 ?/cycle and film resistivity as low as 1.4 × 10^{-3} Ω cm. For the case of ITO thin films, an ALD process supercycle consisting of 1 Sn + 19 In cycles is shown to provide the optimum level of Sn doping corresponding to 10 wt. % widely reported in the literature.
关键词： atomic layer deposition,indium oxide,optoelectronics,transparent conducting oxides,thin films,indium tin oxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Low-Temperature Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Tin(IV) Oxide from a Functionalized Alkyl Precursor: Fabrication and Evaluation of SnO <sub/>2</sub> -Based Thin-Film Transistor Devices
摘要： A bottom-up process from precursor development for tin to plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) for tin(IV) oxide and its successful implementation in a working thin-film transistor device is reported. PEALD of tin(IV) oxide thin films at low temperatures down to 60 °C employing tetrakis-(dimethylamino)propyl tin(IV) [Sn(DMP)4] and oxygen plasma is demonstrated. The liquid precursor has been synthesized and thoroughly characterized with thermogravimetric analyses, revealing sufficient volatility and long-term thermal stability. [Sn(DMP)4] demonstrates typical saturation behavior and constant growth rates of 0.27 or 0.42 ? cycle?1 at 150 and 60 °C, respectively, in PEALD experiments. Within the ALD regime, the films are smooth, uniform, and of high purity. On the basis of these promising features, the PEALD process was optimized wherein a 6 nm thick tin oxide channel material layer deposited at 60 °C was applied in bottom-contact bottom-gate thin-film transistors, showing a remarkable on/off ratio of 107 and field-effect mobility of ≈ 12 cm2 V?1 s?1 for the as-deposited thin films deposited at such low temperatures.
关键词： thin-film transistors,tin(IV) oxide,thin films,precursors,atomic layer deposition
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Computational Study of Perovskite Structured CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> and CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>SnI<sub>3</sub>
摘要： Nowadays, Hybrid Perovskite materials perform a major role in solar cell industry due to their superior power conversion ability. CH3NH3PbI3 is the prominent material in hybrid perovskite, where they comprised with advanced photovoltaic properties. But considering the toxicity, it’s more important to observe the role of metal atom in hybrid perovskite. Therefore, this research is basically focused on the objective of figuring out the fundamental properties of CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3 with the idea of replacing Pb to Sn in future. Ab-Initio Simulation has been used throughout this research along with basic density function theories (DFT) like Exchange correlation functional, Local-density approximation of Kohn-Sham theory. Moreover, the research was also focused upon the Energy band gap variation, crystallographic orientations, density of states in P, S orbitals of cubic and tetragonal phases in CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3.
关键词： Energy Bands,Methyl ammonium Tin Iodide perovskite,Density Function Theory,Methyl ammonium lead Iodide,Perovskite structure
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Nonreciprocal optical links based on time-modulated nanoantenna arrays: Full-duplex communication
摘要： Interference of transmitted and received signals hinders the simultaneous functionality of a conventional optical antenna as a transmitter and receiver which is required for full-duplex communication. The full-duplex communication schemes enabled by dense wavelength division multiplexed optical networks require distinct transmitter/receiver components operating at different wavelengths which increase the cost, complexity, and footprint of the physical layer. In this work, we demonstrate that an array of nanoantennas with leaky-wave architecture based on spatiotemporal modulation establishes nonreciprocal optical links which can reject the interference of transmitted and received signals by isolating the frequency of transmission and reception modes. For this purpose, we integrate indium-tin oxide into plasmonic nanodipoles which allows for realization of time-modulated nanoantennas in near-infrared frequency regime through electrical modulation of charge carrier density with radio-frequency signals. The radiation characteristics of individual nanoantennas and modal properties of nanoantenna arrays are rigorously studied through linking of charge transport and electromagnetic models. To this end, we extend the formulation of discrete dipole approximation as the standard modeling tool for electromagnetic scattering from nanoantenna arrays to treat realistic time-modulated structures with drastically different timescales between optical and modulation frequencies. The operation of spatiotemporally modulated array antennas in transmission and reception modes is investigated. Moreover, electrical beam-scanning functionality and dependence of antenna characteristics to modulation parameters and wavelength are demonstrated. It is rigorously established that such array antennas can operate as full transceivers by separating the transmitted and received signals propagating along the same direction through down conversion and up conversion of the frequency. Our results provide a route toward realization of optical antenna systems capable of full-duplex communication and real-time beam scanning which can increase the capacity and decrease the complexity of optical networks.
关键词： nonreciprocal optical links,indium-tin oxide,leaky-wave antenna,discrete dipole approximation,full-duplex communication,time-modulated nanoantenna arrays,spatiotemporal modulation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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The Implementation of Fundamental Digital Circuits With ITO-Stabilized ZnO TFTs for Transparent Electronics
摘要： In this paper, several fundamental pseudo-CMOS digital circuits with n-type indium tin oxide-stabilized ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) were implemented and investigated. The optical transmittance of circuits varied from 77% to 92% throughout the visible wavelength band. Electrically, the operation frequency of inverters, nor gates, nand gates, D latches, and D flip flops were all found to exceed 10 kHz with a supply voltage of 10 V. Besides, 13-stage ring oscillators could be operated at 42 kHz with a propagation delay time of 0.92 μs when the supply voltage was set as 20 V. Among the state-of-the-art transparent designs, these proposed circuits based on the ITO-stabilized ZnO TFTs exhibited high-speed performance, which were promising as building blocks for transparent electronics with moderate frequency requirements.
关键词： transparent electronics,Digital circuits,indium tin oxide-stabilized ZnO,thin-film transistors (TFTs),ring oscillator (RO)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29