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Evaluation of Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating with APD on Designed Optical Fiber Communication Link
摘要： Application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in optical communication is an evolving field. In this research paper, various types of chirped FBG’s (CFBG) have been used with avalanche photodiode (APD) on the designed optical fiber communication (OFC) link. Data rate of 20 Gbps and return-to-zero modulation format has been kept as fixed parameters. The designed link has been evaluated for varying fiber lengths (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 km), various type of CFBG’s (linear, quadratic, square root and cubic root) with Gaussian apodization function, varying grating lengths (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mm) and operating temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C). The designed OFC link has also been evaluated for APD with and without CFBG. The performance evaluation matrix parameters selected are Q-factor, bit error rate and eye diagram. The OFC link employing CFBG with APD has been found to be superior. In compensating chromatic dispersion, optimum results have been observed for linear CFBG with Gaussian apodization function in comparison to other types of CFBG with 50 mm grating length for the maximum transmission distance.
关键词： bit error rate (BER),Optical fiber communication (OFC),eye diagram,chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG),vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL),avalanche photodiode (APD),Q-factor
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Bias current and temperature dependence of polarization dynamics in spin-lasers with electrically tunable birefringence
摘要： We investigate and compare the intensity and polarization dynamics in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with a monolithically integrated, electrically controlled birefringence tuning mechanism. The influence of the bias current on the polarization dynamics is investigated over a large range of birefringence values. Bias current tuning toward low values and simultaneous maximization of the resonance frequency is an important strategy to optimize the spin-VCSEL toward energy-efficient operation. A polarization dynamics resonance tuning range from a few GHz up to the maximum frequency of 36 GHz was achieved, and polarization dynamics at maximum frequency are demonstrated at minimum bias current and at high temperatures of approximately 70 ○C. We propose a strategy for data communication with low energy consumption and low cooling effort.
关键词： energy-efficient operation,spin-lasers,birefringence,VCSEL,polarization dynamics
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Thermal Design Considerations for III-N Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers Using Electro-Opto-Thermal Numerical Simulations
摘要： III-N VCSELs undergo severe self-heating which limits the output optical power. This makes thermal management a critical design consideration. The three most common VCSEL structures (hybrid VCSELs, flip-chip VCSELs and ELOG VCSELs) have been studied using advanced self-consistent electro-opto-thermal numerical simulations. The key geometric and material parameters affecting the thermal resistance of these devices have been identified. Our simulations suggest that some of the proposed solutions and design modifications can increase the maximum optical output power by as much 100%. This manuscript also describes the correct method of using numerical simulation in device design—to predict trends and isolate the key factors affecting device performance.
关键词： electro-opto-thermal simulation,thermal resistance,VCSEL,III-Nitride,laser diode,device modeling
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Local and mean-???eld approaches for modeling semiconductor spin-lasers
摘要： Electrically and optically pumped spin-polarized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (spin-VCSELs) seem to reach improved performance compared to their conventional counterparts. Their dynamical properties are studied mostly in the framework of e?ective rate equations containing parameters that are di?cult to directly relate with fundamental material properties. Consequently, such approaches are not suitable for the precise design and optimization of future spin-lasers with desirable dynamical properties. We propose a method for extraction of dynamics-related parameters for spin-?ip model (SFM), that is used widely for the description of spin-laser dynamics. This method is based on the correspondence between robust local computational tools and e?ective models. General matrix formalism based on S-matrices and generalized Maxwell-Bloch equations is used to determine approximate values of parameters such as cavity decay rate or birefringence rate. This would allow to tune laser properties by changing optical properties of laser cavities and active media according to our needs. The method is demonstrated on realistic anisotropic spin-VCSEL structures containing 12-quantum well (QW) limitations of already existing InGaAs/GaAsP active region. The potential e?ective models are discussed.
关键词： anisotropies,scattering matrix formalism,rate equations,spin-laser,VCSEL
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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All-optical majority gate based on an injection-locked laser
摘要： An all-optical computer has remained an elusive concept. To construct a practical computing primitive equivalent to an electronic Boolean logic, one should utilize nonlinearity that overcomes weaknesses that plague many optical processing schemes. An advantageous nonlinearity provides a complete set of logic operations and allows cascaded operations without changes in wavelength or in signal encoding format. Here we demonstrate an all-optical majority gate based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Using emulated signal coupling, the arrangement provides Bit Error Ratio (BER) of 10?6 at the rate of 1 GHz without changes in the wavelength or in the signal encoding format. Cascaded operation of the injection-locked laser majority gate is simulated on a full adder and a 3-bit ripple-carry adder circuits. Finally, utilizing the spin-flip model semiconductor laser rate equations, we prove that injection-locked lasers may perform normalization operations in the steady-state with an arbitrary linear state of polarization.
关键词： nonlinearity,injection-locked laser,cascaded operations,VCSEL,all-optical computing,majority gate
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Electro-Optical Co-Design of Power-Efficient 100-Gbps/λ VCSEL Transmitter
摘要： In this paper, we propose a comprehensive electro-optical co-design framework for power-efficient high-speed VCSEL transmitter targeting at 50 Gbaud. The framework integrates a rate-equation based VCSEL chip model and driver circuit models. Subject to the transmitter specifications defined by IEEE 400G standard, the driver circuit design of NRZ and PAM-4 modulations, together with the energy efficiency of transmitter, is analyzed and compared for two types of 20-GHz class VCSELs with different damping factors while keeping the same parasitic parameters. For NRZ modulation, analysis results indicate that both types of VCSEL transmitters show similar achievable data rate and energy efficiency. Both types of VCSEL transmitters are beneficial with small driver resistance in order to achieve high-speed signaling integrity. The best energy efficiency for both types of VCSEL transmitters is 520.8 fJ/bit under NRZ modulation. For PAM-4 modulation, higher achievable data rate can be reached by the over-damped VCSEL transmitter compared with the under-damped one, for which trade-offs of choosing the appropriate driver parameters are required for high-speed operation. The optimized over-damped VCSEL transmitter can have 16.13% higher achievable data rate and around 4.12% of energy efficiency improvement compared with the under-damped counterpart, but the signal quality is more sensitive to driver parameters. The best energy efficiencies are 365.1 fJ/bit and 380.8 fJ/bit for the over- and under-damped VCSEL transmitter under PAM-4 modulation. This co-design framework can provide a guidance in the VCSEL enabled co-packaging design.
关键词： energy efficiency,optical interconnect,VCSEL transmitter,co-package,co-design
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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The Mode Analysis of Coherently Coupled Array Based on Proton Implantation
摘要： We have designed and fabricated 1×2 VCSEL arrays with different inter-element spacing. Then, through the measurement of the near-fields and far-fields of the VCSEL arrays, the in-phase and out-of-phase mode depending on the inter-element spacing have been analyzed. Finally, the simulated far-field profiles by FDTD Solutions software agree well with the experiments.
关键词： proton implantation,mode analysis,1×2 VCSEL arrays
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) - Huangshan, China (2019.8.5-2019.8.8)] 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) - High-power vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a metal/DBR hybrid reflector
摘要： The design and fabrication of a hybrid metal– semiconductor Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) for optically pumped surface-emitting laser(VCSEL) are proposed. This structure can decrease the series resistance, and improve the output power of VCSEL.
关键词： high output power,hybrid metal mirror,DBR,VCSEL
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) - Huangshan, China (2019.8.5-2019.8.8)] 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) - Error Analysis of the Impulse Response on VCSEL-based Optical Wireless Communication Channel Using a Monte Carlo Ray-Tracing Algorithm
摘要： This article proposed a Monte Carlo ray-tracing method (MCRM) based on Gaussian beam emitter for optical wireless communication (OWC) channel estimation and established two typical indoor communication systems as uplink and full-link models. Formulas are given with targeted parameters for these two specific link models. The calculation results show that the impulse response of uplink models have twice larger and 10 ns faster than that of full-link models. Compared with the conventional Lambertian OWC systems, the Gaussian systems have larger impulse response and lower relative error, which indicates that Gaussian emitter is a promising candidate for indoor OWC system.
关键词： Channel estimation,VCSEL,Monte Carlo Ray-tracing method,Optical wireless communication
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Power Efficient Current Driver Based on Negative Boosting for High-Speed Lasers
摘要： Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are commonly used in high-speed optical communication and 3D sensing applications. Both of these applications require high switching frequency and a short rise time of the VCSEL current. The parasitic inductance of the wire (connecting the driver with VCSEL) makes it challenging to achieve a short rise time, which often incur increased supply voltage and excessive power consumption. This paper utilizes a momentary boosting in supply voltage to overcome the parasitic inductance of the wire with minimal power overhead. The proposed technique uses a precalculated boosting capacitance to produce negative voltage for common-anode VCSELs. The boosting capacitance provides the required amount of charge during the rising transition and automatically disconnects itself in steady-state. Circuit simulations reveal up to three times shorter rise time at the negligible cost of less than 10% power overhead.
关键词： negative supply boosting,vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL),switching circuits,CMOS laser drivers,pulsed laser diode driver
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52