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Uniform Sb <sub/>2</sub> S <sub/>3</sub> optical coatings by chemical spray method
摘要： Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3), an environmentally benign material, has been prepared by various deposition methods for use as a solar absorber due to its direct band gap of ≈1.7 eV and high absorption coefficient in the visible light spectrum (1.8 × 105 cm?1 at 450 nm). Rapid, scalable, economically viable and controllable in-air growth of continuous, uniform, polycrystalline Sb2S3 absorber layers has not yet been accomplished. This could be achieved with chemical spray pyrolysis, a robust chemical method for deposition of thin films. We applied a two-stage process to produce continuous Sb2S3 optical coatings with uniform thickness. First, amorphous Sb2S3 layers, likely forming by 3D Volmer–Weber island growth through a molten phase reaction between SbCl3 and SC(NH2)2, were deposited in air on a glass/ITO/TiO2 substrate by ultrasonic spraying of methanolic Sb/S 1:3 molar ratio solution at 200–210 °C. Second, we produced polycrystalline uniform films of Sb2S3 (Eg 1.8 eV) with a post-deposition thermal treatment of amorphous Sb2S3 layers in vacuum at 170 °C, <4 × 10?6 Torr for 5 minutes. The effects of the deposition temperature, the precursor molar ratio and the thermal treatment temperature on the Sb2S3 layers were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy. We demonstrated that Sb2S3 optical coatings with controllable structure, morphology and optical properties can be deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis in air by tuning of the deposition temperature, the Sb/S precursor molar ratio in the spray solution, and the post-deposition treatment temperature.
关键词： vacuum annealing,Volmer–Weber growth,antimony sulfide,thin films,ultrasonic spray
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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All Antimony Chalcogenide Tandem Solar Cell
摘要： We demonstrate a proof-of-concept tandem solar cell using Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 as top and bottom cell absorber materials. The band gaps of Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 are 1.74 and 1.22 eV, perfectly satisfying the requirement of tandem solar cells. The application of few-layer graphene enables high transmittance and excellent interfacial contact in the top sub-cell. By controlling the thickness of the top cell for maximizing the spectral application, the tandem device delivers a power conversion efficiency of the 7.93%, which outperforms the individually optimized top cell (5.58%) and bottom cell (6.50%). Mechanistical investigation shows that the tandem device is able to make up voltage loss in the sub-cells, which is a critical concern in the current antimony chalcogenide solar cells. This study provides an alternative approach to enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of antimony selenosulfide.
关键词： antimony sulfide,energy conversion,semi-transparent electrode,tandem solar cell,antimony selenide
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Atomic layer deposition of amorphous antimony sulfide (a-Sb <sub/>2</sub> S <sub/>3</sub> ) as semiconductor sensitizer in extremely thin absorber solar cell
摘要： Atomic layer deposition of amorphous antimony sulfide (a-Sb2S3) is demonstrated with an alternating exposure of tris(dimethylamino) antimony (TDMASb) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at 150 °C in a custom-built viscous flow reactor. Growth mechanism and deposition chemistry are investigated by in situ quartz crystal microbalance and in situ Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Reaction hypothesis facilitating the binary reaction is established by quantum mechanical density functional theory calculations that essentially support the experimental findings. The developed material is used as a photon harvester in solar cells under extremely thin absorber configuration, with TiO2 and Spiro-OMeTAD as electron and hole transporting layers, respectively. Investigation of charge injection properties with surface photovoltage spectroscopy reveals low but non-negligible density of interfacial (sensitizer/TiO2) electronic defects. The conventional viscous flow reactor configuration is modified to showerhead-type reactor configuration to achieve better uniformity and conformality of a-Sb2S3 on highly porous TiO2 scaffolds. a-Sb2S3 device performance is optimized to achieve the highest power conversion efficiencies of 0.5% while annealed crystalline c-Sb2S3 device reaches power conversion efficiencies of 1.9% under 1 sun illumination.
关键词： surface photovoltage spectroscopy,extremely thin absorber solar cell,quantum mechanical density functional theory,amorphous antimony sulfide,Atomic layer deposition
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Semitransparent Sb <sub/>2</sub> S <sub/>3</sub> thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows
摘要： The integration of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy in zero-energy buildings requires durable and efficient solar windows composed of lightweight and semitransparent thin film solar cells. Inorganic materials with a high optical absorption coefficient, such as Sb2S3 (>105 cm?1 at 450 nm), offer semitransparency, appreciable efficiency, and long-term durability at low cost. Oxide-free throughout the Sb2S3 layer thickness, as confirmed by combined studies of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and synchrotron soft X-ray emission spectroscopy, semitransparent Sb2S3 thin films can be rapidly grown in air by the area-scalable ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Integrated into a ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3/P3HT/Au solar cell, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.5% at air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) is achieved, which is a record among spray-deposited Sb2S3 solar cells. An average visible transparency (AVT) of 26% of the back-contact-less ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 solar cell stack in the wavelength range of 380–740 nm is attained by tuning the Sb2S3 absorber thickness to 100 nm. In scale-up from mm2 to cm2 areas, the Sb2S3 hybrid solar cells show a decrease in efficiency of only 3.2% for an 88 mm2 Sb2S3 solar cell, which retains 70% relative efficiency after one year of non-encapsulated storage. A cell with a PCE of 3.9% at 1 sun shows a PCE of 7.4% at 0.1 sun, attesting to the applicability of these solar cells for light harvesting under cloud cover.
关键词： solar windows,ultrasonic spray pyrolysis,antimony sulfide,semitransparent solar cells,thin films
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Adjusting Interfacial Chemistry and Electronic Properties of Photovoltaics Based on a Highly Pure Sb <sub/>2</sub> S <sub/>3</sub> Absorber by Atomic Layer Deposition
摘要： The combination of oxide and heavier chalcogenide layers in thin film photovoltaics suffers limitations associated with oxygen incorporation and sulfur deficiency in the chalcogenide layer or with a chemical incompatibility which results in dewetting issues and defect states at the interface. Here, we establish atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a tool to overcome these limitations. ALD allows one to obtain highly pure Sb2S3 light absorber layers, and we exploit this technique to generate an additional interfacial layer consisting of 1.5 nm ZnS. This ultrathin layer simultaneously resolves dewetting and passivates defect states at the interface. We demonstrate via transient absorption spectroscopy that interfacial electron recombination is one order of magnitude slower at the ZnS-engineered interface than hole recombination at the Sb2S3/P3HT interface. The comparison of solar cells with and without oxide incorporation in Sb2S3, with and without the ultrathin ZnS interlayer, and with systematically varied Sb2S3 thickness provides a complete picture of the physical processes at work in the devices.
关键词： interfacial layer,extremely thin absorber,transient absorption,atomic layer deposition,antimony sulfide,ultrathin layer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Efficient Copper‐Doped Antimony Sulfide Thin‐Film Solar Cells via Coevaporation Method
摘要： Sb2S3 being a light-absorbing material is used for photovoltaic (PV) application due to its superior stability and progressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) benefiting from its low cost, less toxic, earth-abundant, and facile nature. Due to the difficulty in efficient doping for such 1D structure, the performance of as-fabricated thin-film solar cells is limited by high resistivity and hole extraction barrier. Herein, a coevaporation scheme is introduced for copper-doped Sb2S3 by rapid thermal evaporation (RTE). The Cu-doped Sb2S3 thin film discloses the enhanced crystallinity with a grain diameter greater than 1 μm and conductivity along with improved carrier concentration. At the same time, the deep valance band obtains a minor upshift, favoring the hole extraction at back contact. Consequently, all the PV parameters are enhanced leading to the PCE boosting from 4.18% to 4.61%. Herein, a facile doping technique is demonstrated to improve its performance without any modification of the present RTE method.
关键词： efficient doping,antimony sulfide,preferred orientation,contact barrier,solar cells
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04