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- 摘要
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Optical Remote Sensing Potentials for Looting Detection
摘要： Looting of archaeological sites is illegal and considered a major anthropogenic threat for cultural heritage, entailing undesirable and irreversible damage at several levels, such as landscape disturbance, heritage destruction, and adverse social impact. In recent years, the employment of remote sensing technologies using ground-based and/or space-based sensors has assisted in dealing with this issue. Novel remote sensing techniques have tackled heritage destruction occurring in war-conflicted areas, as well as illicit archeological activity in vast areas of archaeological interest with limited surveillance. The damage performed by illegal activities, as well as the scarcity of reliable information are some of the major concerns that local stakeholders are facing today. This study discusses the potential use of remote sensing technologies based on the results obtained for the archaeological landscape of Ayios Mnason in Politiko village, located in Nicosia district, Cyprus. In this area, more than ten looted tombs have been recorded in the last decade, indicating small-scale, but still systematic, looting. The image analysis, including vegetation indices, fusion, automatic extraction after object-oriented classification, etc., was based on high-resolution WorldView-2 multispectral satellite imagery and RGB high-resolution aerial orthorectified images. Google Earth? images were also used to map and diachronically observe the site. The current research also discusses the potential for wider application of the presented methodology, acting as an early warning system, in an effort to establish a systematic monitoring tool for archaeological areas in Cyprus facing similar threats.
关键词： image analysis,satellite data,remote sensing archaeology,looting,Cyprus
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Stratigraphic characterization of ancient Roman frescos by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and importance of a proper choice of the normalizing lines
摘要： In order to answer to some specific unsolved questions regarding ancient Roman frescoes from Villa della Piscina, already examined by other spectroscopic techniques, LIBS stratigraphic measurements were performed on the most representative sample fragments. We found that taking into account just the line intensities or applying a single normalization approach based on ratio of the element’s analytical line and a selected transition from a main sample constituent, here of Ca, might produce misleading results of depth profiling by LIBS. During the laser induced ablation, parameters of the detected plasma might change both due to the crater development and different overlaid matrix materials, as in case of heterogeneous painted samples, possibly realized with different techniques. We performed the theoretical simulations to select the pair of Cu I and Ca I lines less sensitive to variations of the plasma temperature in presence of local thermal equilibrium (LTE). However, when using not gated detectors as here, the experimental results showed that only a partial LTE holds. For this reason, the choice of the optimum normalization line must take into account also the energy gap between the excited levels of the species, which energies affect the emission lifetime and consequently, the intensity captured by not gated detectors. In following, to the each element’s analytical line a specific Ca I line was attributed for deducing the relative element distribution in sample. Following this approach and by detecting simultaneously up to 20 elements per laser pulse, it was possible to distinguish clearly by LIBS also thin overpainted layers of similar colour, and to recognize the painting technique used. Through detection of trace and light elements and studies of their correlations with other elements during ablation of on painted layer, in some cases it was possible also to establish the geographical provenance of the material used.
关键词： archaeology,LIBS,quantitative,laser spectroscopy,depth profiling
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Advanced statistical analysis of LIBS spectra for the sourcing of obsidian samples
摘要： Numerous prehistoric populations around the world have made intensive use of the conchoidal properties of obsidian, a volcanic glass, to make tools and weapons. For archaeologists, knowing the geological origin of these artifacts is vital to reconstruct population movements and interactions. In this paper, we discuss the results obtained by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy [LIBS] on a corpus of 228 geological obsidian samples from the West Mediterranean area. For the purposes of this study LIBS was undertaken in a laboratory setting. However, handheld LIBS should one day allow an extension of this work directly on site, on archaeological excavations or in a museum setting. The LIBS spectra are analyzed through the supervised multivariate approach called Quadratic Discriminant Analysis [QDA]. The methodology of this advanced data processing approach is detailed and the ability of the resulting model to sort the samples is assessed thanks to several figures of merit. The results obtained for the set of obsidian samples considered in the present study reveal that LIBS data treated by QDA is an efficient approach for answering the question of sourcing in this particular case-study. The same model can be applied to archeological samples from the same geographical area. More generally, the methodology presented here can be considered as a general guideline for any other LIBS-based sorting purpose.
关键词： archaeology,LIBS,lithic sourcing,obsidian,advanced data processing
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences || Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging
摘要： In the field of archaeology (and heritage in general), many documentation and examination methods are based on imaging techniques that characterize and depict artifacts in a nondestructive and mechanically noninvasive way. Multi- and hyperspectral imaging (together denoted spectral imaging) are two possible forms of such noninvasive imaging. Both are based on the detection of reflected or emitted optical electromagnetic radiation, the latter being defined as electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 10 nm (0.01 μm) and 1 mm (1,000 μm). This detection can be better understood when considering that optical digital imaging usually generates a signal that is the outcome of a three-variable process: electromagnetic radiation of a radiation source falls onto the object; this radiation is partly absorbed, transmitted, and reflected by the object, with the interaction being wavelength dependent; and the imager detects and digitizes the incoming radiance in specific spectral regions. Spectral imaging extends traditional trichromatic digital camera approaches by capturing data in at least four different spectral bands, with hyperspectral imaging featuring higher spectral resolution and more contiguous spectra. Applications include archaeological prospection, color-accurate documentation, material identification, and enhancing the reading of old documents. Drawbacks involve data quantity, noise proneness, and reliance on specialized hardware and software, with future research focusing on active systems like multi-wavelength laser scanners.
关键词： multispectral imaging,archaeology,hyperspectral imaging,data cube,spectral signature,future research,drawbacks,electromagnetic radiation,noninvasive imaging,applications,spectral imaging,heritage
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Dielectric replica measurement: A new technique for obtaining the complex permittivity of irregularly shaped objects
摘要： Dielectric measurements provide valuable information about the properties of materials, and could be used to classify and identify the source of objects, in fields such as archaeology. Current methods of identification are all partly destructive, so an innovative electromagnetic method developed by the authors, based on resonant cavity perturbation (RCP), provides an attractive, non-destructive alternative. A problem with traditional RCP is that the changes in frequency and Q-factor vary with the object's shape; however we overcome this by creating a replica of the object, from a material whose dielectric properties are known. Then, by combining three separate perturbations with orthogonal field directions, due firstly to the object and then to its replica, we eliminate the shape dependency, and thus determine the object's dielectric constant and loss factor. After developing the theory of this novel DRM technique, we demonstrate the principle using a set of geometric shapes made in both polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a 3D printed material. Further measurements then enable second-order terms to be included in the model, improving its accuracy. Finally, DRM is shown to be capable of distinguishing two irregularly shaped objects of different materials. Potential applications of DRM include determining the provenance of pottery, glasses and flints, and distinguishing ivory from bone. These would be of interest to customs and environmental agencies, as well as museum curators and archaeologists.
关键词： resonant cavity,3D printing,artefact,network analyser,Dielectric measurement,archaeology,complex permittivity,non-destructive testing
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Structural characterization of Argania spinosa Moroccan wooden artifacts during natural degradation progress using infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD)
摘要： The present work is focused on spectroscopic study of four samples of Argan wooden artifact pertaining to the 17th, 18th, 20th and 21st centuries. The objective is to characterize their unknown structures by the study of their non degraded parts and to investigate changes occurred in their degraded parts due to the natural degradation process. Attenuated total re?ectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy gauges the presence of many functional groups related to cellulose I and/or II (OH, C–O–C and –CH2), hemicelluloses (particularly C?O (cid:2)1), and lignin (OH phenolic, Car-O and C?Car) and provides qualitative information on the state of wood alteration by informing on the evolution of new former C?O bands. The degree of conversion to carbonyl group, especially quinone or p-quinone at 1650 cm (cid:2)1, is correlated to lignin degradation, while the absence of the C?O acetoxy absorption is ascribable to occurred deterioration in hemicelluloses, and (cid:2)1. X-ray diffraction determines the presence of two forms of cellulose; amorphous cellulose at 18.5(cid:3) 2θ and predominant crystalline cellulose Iβ at 2θ ? 22.6(cid:3) which characterized by an intense peak. The decrease of crystallinity index values con?rms the deterioration level and obvious changes in crystallinity level. However, the microcrystalline structure appears unaltered because no signi?cant changes were observed for calculated cristallite seize. The obtained results depend on the prolonged time of ageing, natural deterioration phenomena, and wood part (internal or external) that is exposed to degradation. The combination of these two methods is useful for an accurate estimation of the degradation level of argan wood.
关键词： Chemistry,Argan wood artifact,XRD,Analytical chemistry,Natural product chemistry,Materials Chemistry,Natural degradation,Archaeology,ATR-FTIR spectroscopy,Crystallinity,Lignocelluloses,Structural characterization,Materials Science,Organic chemistry
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Aspects of Aerial Laser Scanning when exploring unknown archaeological sites (Case study)
摘要： Obtaining geographical information on the Earth's surface can be very costly and tedious. For this reason, remote sensing methods are increasingly used for these purposes, which allow the acquisition of terrain information via devices most often placed on board of aircraft or satellites. Currently, aircraft carriers are not used only for the acquisition of image data through aerial photography, but they can also carry on board other devices to obtain data of a different nature. This device can be an aerial laser scanner—LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) that scans the terrain and objects on the surface with a high precision. It is an active method of remote Earth survey based on the measurement of the distance between the object under investigation and the aircraft itself. The result of this process is a set of precise georeferenced points, which is referred to as a point cloud. By using spatial analyzes, it is possible to use various post-processing methods and it has applications in areas such as forestry, archeology, hydrology, etc. This paper is devoted to the use of Aerial Laser Scanning (ALS) for the purpose of archaeological research on the case study of the Molpír hillfort which is situated at the eastern foot of the Little Carpathians. For collecting the data, the PA-34 Seneca aircraft carrier was used and equipped with the Trimble Harrier 68i advanced mapping system. In the past, several archaeological surveys have been conducted in this area by using terrestrial measurements, however ALS has provided a different view and has enabled identification of sites which have not been previously identified and examined.
关键词： airborne laser scanning,archaeology,feature detection,hill-shading,remote sensing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences || Underwater Three-Dimensional Laser Imaging
摘要： Three-dimensional (3D) laser imaging systems are devices that emit a laser beam which shines on an object located at meters of distance and that record a portion of the laser light reflected back by the object’s surface. The device processes the received signal and generates a 3D digital model of the object for visualization on a display, where each point of the object’s surface is assigned a set of spatial coordinates in a relative reference frame. The application of 3D laser imaging systems in archaeology and heritage on emerged land has been steadily growing since the 2000s, mainly in view of the considerable progress in opto-electronic technology. Successful applications have been demonstrated for operations at tens of meters of distance from the targeted object (range) and with submillimeter spatial resolution (accuracy).
关键词： heritage,underwater,archaeology,3D laser imaging,opto-electronic technology
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences || Laser Scanning
摘要： Laser scanning provides archaeology with a high-speed process for the acquisition of three-dimensional (3D) spatial data. The technique provides surface-based 3D measurements of any small- or large-scale, complex, irregular, standard or nonstandard real-world scene. The resulting data are visualized through the production of point clouds, with the final results depicted as line drawings, computer-aided design (CAD) models, 3D surface models, and video animations, acting as an enhanced communication tool that has the ability of visualizing real-world objects in 3D space. It is the most effective way to quickly obtain data from the observed object and it enables measurements of areas that were unable to be collected previously, such as through hand-based drawings or total station surveys.
关键词： point clouds,Laser scanning,CAD models,archaeology,3D spatial data
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Medieval Archaeology Under the Canopy with LiDAR. The (Re)Discovery of a Medieval Fortified Settlement in Southern Italy
摘要： Despite the recognized effectiveness of LiDAR in penetrating forest canopies, its capability for archaeological prospection can be strongly limited in areas covered by dense vegetation for the detection of subtle remains scattered over morphologically complex areas. In these cases, an important contribution to improve the identification of topographic variations of archaeological interest is provided by LiDAR-derived models (LDMs) based on relief visualization techniques. In this paper, diverse LDMs were applied to the medieval site of Torre Cisterna to the north of Melfi (Southern Italy), selected for this study because it is located on a hilly area with complex topography and thick vegetation cover. These conditions are common in several places of the Apennines in Southern Italy and prevented investigations during the 20th century. Diverse LDMs were used to obtain maximum information and to compare the performance of both subjective (through visual inspections) and objective (through their automatic classification) methods. To improve the discrimination/extraction capability of archaeological micro-relief, noise filtering was applied to Digital Terrain Model (DTM) before obtaining the LDMs. The automatic procedure allowed us to extract the most significant and typical features of a fortified settlement, such as the city walls and a tower castle. Other small, subtle features attributable to possible buried buildings of a habitation area have been identified by visual inspection of LDMs. Field surveys and in-situ inspections were carried out to verify the archaeological points of interest, microtopographical features, and landforms observed from the DTM-derived models, most of them automatically extracted. As a whole, the investigations allowed (i) the rediscovery of a fortified settlement from the 11th century and (ii) the detection of an unknown urban area abandoned in the Middle Ages.
关键词： LiDAR-Derived Models,medieval archaeology,Cisterna (Melfi),archaeological microtopography,LiDAR,castle,Basilicata,automatic feature extraction
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36