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Continuous Photocatalysis Based on Layer-by-layer Assembly of Separation-free TiO?/Reduced Graphene Oxide Film Catalysts with Increased Charge Transfer and Active-site
摘要： Although photodegradation is the most widely studied method for the purification of water, the challenges for the post-separation of catalysts from water prevent the technique from practical applications. In this study, separation-free TiO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) multilayer films were first prepared through layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) on quartz slides, followed by a reduction of the assembled GO to rGO. For a proof-of-concept demonstration of novel continuous photocatalysis with potential for scale-up production, these quartz slides with TiO2/rGO film catalysts were further assembled into slide arrays in a home-made rectangular quartz reactor and a model pollutant Rhodamine B (RhB) solution was circularly pumped over the slide surface under UV irradiation. It was found that the as-prepared TiO2/rGO film catalysts show excellent enhanced continuous photocatalytic activity, with a photodegradation rate constant of 2.6 × 10-2 min?1 exceeding the corresponding TiO2/GO and TiO2 (TiO2/PSS) samples by a factor of 11.3 and 13, respectively. The enhanced performance is attributed to the formation of Ti-O-C bonds in film catalysts bridging TiO2 and rGO to enable efficient charge separation and transfer, the Ti-O-C bond bridged electron transfer leading to increase in ·O2- active sites on the rGO surface, and the porous-like multilayer structure. The recycling experiments showed the film catalysts are stable and could be reused with the same efficiency for at least 8 cycles.
关键词： layer-by-layer,continuous photocatalysis,separation free,graphene,film
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Multiphoton imaging for morphometry of the sandwich-beam structure of the human stapedial annular ligament
摘要： Background: The annular ligament of the human stapes constitutes a compliant connection between the stapes footplate and the peripheral cochlear wall at the oval window. The cross section of the human annular ligament is characterized by a three-layered structure, which resembles a sandwich-shaped composite structure. As accurate and precise descriptions of the middle-ear behavior are constrained by lack of information on the complex geometry of the annular ligament, this study aims to obtain comprehensive geometrical data of the annular ligament via multiphoton imaging. Methods: The region of interest containing the stapes and annular ligament was harvested from a fresh-frozen human temporal bone of a 46-years old female. Multiphoton imaging of the unstained sample was performed by detecting the second-harmonic generation of collagen and the autofluorescence of elastin, which are constituents of the annular ligament. The multiphoton scans were conducted on the middle-ear side and cochlear side of the annular ligament to obtain accurate images of the face layers on both sides. The face layers of the annular ligament were manually segmented on both multiphoton scans, and then registered to high-resolution mCT images. Results: Multiphoton scans of the annular ligament revealed 1) relatively large thickness of the core layer compared to the face layers, 2) asymmetric geometry of the face layers between the middle-ear side and cochlear side, and variation of their thickness and width along the footplate boundary, 3) divergent relative alignment of the two face layers, and 4) different fiber composition of the face layers along the boundary with a collagen-reinforcement near the anterior pole on the middle-ear side. Conclusion and outlook: Multiphoton microscopy is a feasible approach to obtain the detailed three-dimensional features of the human stapedial annular ligament along its full boundary. The detailed description of the sandwich-shaped structures of the annular ligament is expected to contribute to modeling of the human middle ear for precise simulation of middle-ear behavior. Further, established methodology in this study may be applicable to imaging of other middle-ear structures.
关键词： Stapes,Two-photon microscopy,Multiphoton microscopy,Core layer,Face layer,Annular ligament
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Simultaneous optimization of transmittance and resistivity for γ-CuI thin films via an iodination method at mild reaction condition
摘要： In p-type γ-CuI thin films synthesized by the iodination of Cu layers with iodine vapor, a frosted-glass-like appearance with a rough surface is usually obtained, which makes it difficult to apply the γ-CuI films to transparent electronics. This paper proposes an innovative method for the preparation of highly transparent p-type γ-CuI films. A chemical reaction between Cu thin films and iodine vapor, combined with the layer-by-layer process at a temperature between room temperature and 120°C are found to result in highly transparent polycrystalline γ-CuI films. The root-mean-square roughness values of the γ-CuI films prepared by this method are 8.5–21.2 nm, which are smaller than those for the γ- CuI films synthesized by the conventional method. The microstructure and optoelectronic properties of the γ-CuI thin films are sensitive to the temperature of iodine vapor. A high transmittance (80%) of the film obtained at an iodine vapor temperature of 80°C has a low resistivity of 5×10?2 Ω cm and high mobility of 8.7 cm2/Vs. Moreover, a boosted figure of merit is realized due to the simultaneously low resistivity and high transparency: its value jumps from ～488 to ～1630 MΩ-1.
关键词： figure of merit,low resistivity,high transmittance,layer by layer method
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Barrier height modification in Au/Ti/n-GaAs devices with a $$\hbox {HfO}_{2}$$HfO2 interfacial layer formed by atomic layer deposition
摘要： X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been carried out to characterize the surface of the hafnia (HfO2) thin films grown on n-GaAs wafer by atomic layer deposition, and the surface morphology of the HfO2 layer on GaAs has been analysed using atomic force microscopy. The barrier height (BH) values of 1.03 and 0.93 eV (300 K) for the Au/Ti/HfO2/n-GaAs structures with 3- and 5-nm HfO2 interfacial layers, respectively, have been obtained from the I–V characteristics of the devices, which are higher than the value of 0.77 eV (300 K) for the Au/Ti/n-GaAs diode fabricated by us. Therefore, it can be said that the HfO2 thin layer at the metal/GaAs interface can also be used for BH modification as a gate insulator in GaAs metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and MOS field-effect transistors. The ideality factor values have been calculated as 1.028 and 2.72 eV at 400 and 60 K; and as 1.04 and 2.58 eV at 400 and 60 K for the metal–insulating layer–semiconductor (MIS) devices with 3- and 5-nm interfacial layers, respectively. The bias-dependent BH values have been calculated for the devices by both Norde’s method and Gaussian distribution (GD) of BHs at each sample temperature. At 320 K, the (cid:2)b(V ) value at 0.70 V for a 3-nm MIS diode is about 1.08 eV from the (cid:2)b(V ) vs. V curve determined by the GD, and about 0.99 eV at 0.58 V for a 5-nm MIS diode. It has been seen that these bias-dependent BH values are in close agreement with those obtained by Norde’s method for the same bias voltage values.
关键词： metal–insulating layer–semiconductor (MIS) device,Barrier height modification and inhomogeneous,bias-dependent barrier height,temperature-dependent MIS diode parameters,atomic layer deposition (ALD)
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyaniline nanofibers/TiO2 nanotubes heterojunction thin film for ammonia detection at room temperature
摘要： In this paper, for the first time, polyaniline nanofibers/TiO2 nanotubes (PANI/TiO2) heterojunction thin film has been prepared on Pt interdigital electrodes by layer-by-layer self-assembly method and applied in room temperature NH3 detection. It is found that the optimal self-assembly layer number is three (PANI/TiO2-3) compared to one layer (PANI/TiO2-1) and five layers (PANI/TiO2-5). The PANI/TiO2-3 thin film sensor possesses superior response characteristics compared with our other PANI based sensors, including higher response value (336%@5 ppm NH3), acceptable response/recovery time (110 s/1086 s@5 ppm NH3), low detection limit (0.5 ppm), and remarkable selectivity. The enhanced gas sensing performances could be ascribed to the tremendous variation of the carrier concentration caused by the p-n junctions as well as the increased specific surface area and pore volume. This work not only offers a superb strategy to fabricate heterojunction thin film but also accelerates the development of room-temperature operable NH3 sensors.
关键词： Ammonia detection,Layer-by-layer self-assembly,Polyaniline/TiO2 heterojunction,Thin film,Room temperature operation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems] Renewable Energy for Smart and Sustainable Cities Volume 62 (Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energetic Systems) || Prediction PV Power Based on Artificial Neural Networks
摘要： The goal of this contribution is to estimate the power delivered by a multicrystals solar photovoltaic module based on artificial neural networks. Two structures of ANNs were tested: multiple-layer perceptron and radial basic function. The results obtained gave good coefficients of correlation, the statistical R2-value obtained is about 0.96 to predict this important parameter.
关键词： Artificial neural network (ANNs),Multiple-layer perceptron (MLP),Radial basic function (RBF),Photovoltaic (PV) power
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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A thin-layer dielectric and metamaterial unit-cell stack loaded miniaturized SRR-based antenna for triple narrow band 4G-LTE applications
摘要： This article presents the design of a miniaturized dual-band antenna for long-term evolution (LTE) application is presented. In the basic antenna design, split ring resonator was loaded in the radiating plane of the patch and frequency of resonance was further modified with the help of E-shaped stub. The antenna has been fabricated using FR-4 substrate and the measured dual bands at 2.11 and 2.665 GHz are found in a close match with the simulated data. By placing a thin dielectric resonator of permittivity εr = 10.2 and thickness of 1.27 mm, two closely spaced narrow bands are obtained at 2.217 and 2.28 GHz. A novel metamaterial unit-cell having near-zero refractive index is designed and mounted above the dielectric resonator. This stack configuration generates triple narrow frequency band in the LTE 2 GHz spectrum range. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 20 × 25 mm2.
关键词： triple band,split ring resonator,thin layer dielectric resonator,reflection coefficient,patch,unit-cell
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Retinal vascular density evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography in macular telangiectasia type 2
摘要： Purpose To evaluate the retinal and choroidal vascular changes through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel 2). Methods Our study included 20 patients (40 eyes) with MacTel 2, and age-matched and sex-matched 18 subjects (36 eyes) in the control group. Fundus color photographs, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and OCTA were performed. Foveal vascular density and parafoveal vascular density (PFVD), and foveal retinal thickness and parafoveal retinal thickness, choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) were compared between MacTel 2 patients and normal age-matched controls. Results The retinal whole vascular density and PFVD of the deep plexus were significantly lower in patients with MacTel 2 than that of the control group (56.93% vs. 58.54%, p = 0.003; and 60.38% vs. 61.66%, p = 0.045). The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of the deep plexus was significantly enlarged in patients with MacTel 2 than that of the control group (0.44 vs. 0.36, p = 0.009). There was a positive and statistically significant correlation between the FAZ of the superficial and deep plexus and CT in patients with MacTel 2. There was a positive and statistically significant correlation between retinal whole, parafoveal temporal quadrant vascular density of the superficial and deep plexus and GCIPL thickness in patients with MacTel 2. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that important retinal vascular density and FAZ changes in MacTel 2 occur in the deep capillary plexus of the retina.
关键词： Macular telangiectasia type 2,Vascular density,Choroidal thickness,Retinal ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer,Optical coherence tomography angiography
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Seed Free Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays on AZO Substrate
摘要： In the absence of commonly used seed layer, we can still successfully synthesized aligned ZnO nanowire arrays by the hydrothermal method. By using aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) glass as a substrate, high-density and vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were synthesized directly on the substrate in the absence of the ZnO seed layer. The current-voltage curve indicated that the sample grown on AZO glass substrate in the absence of seed layer possesses better conductivity than that synthesized on FTO glass substrate with ZnO seed layer. Thus, a simplified, seed-free and low-cost experimental protocol was reported here for large-scale production of high quality ZnO nanowire arrays with promoted conductivity.
关键词： conductivity,ZnO nanowire arrays,seed layer free,AZO substrate
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Effects of coverage layer on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Mg-Al-Mn alloy subjected to massive laser shock peening treatment
摘要： Effects of coverage layer on electrochemical corrosion behaviour and pitting morphologies of Mg-Al-Mn alloy subjected to massive laser shock peening (LSP) treatment were investigated by potentiodynamic polarisation test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. Microstructures of Mg-Al-Mn alloy subjected to massive LSP treatment were also characterized. Results showed that LSP induced an obvious improvement in electrochemical corrosion resistance with increasing coverage layer. Even in a higher corrosive solution concentration, LSP could still prevent corrosion to some extent. The improvement in electrochemical corrosion resistance was due to the grain refinement and compressive residual stress induced by massive LSP treatment. Finally, the influence mechanism of the coverage layer on electrochemical corrosion behavior of Mg-Al-Mn alloy was revealed.
关键词： Microstructure.,Electrochemical corrosion,Mg-Al-Mn alloy,Coverage layer,Laser shock peening
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52